Aim. The aim of the study is to analyze the current state of artificial reproduction of the Caspian sturgeon and to identify the problems of reducing efficiency and ways to solve them.

Discussion. The current critical state of the Caspian sturgeon, which accounts for up to 90% of the world's related resources, is of concern to the entire community, due to the threat of extinction of these relic individuals  on  the  planet.  This  can  be  prevented  by  increasing  the efficiency of reproduction. However, natural reproduction is practically reduced to zero, so the real and only possible solution is artificial reproduction. This analytical review presents five tasks, the successful solution of which will improve the current state of artificial reproduction in the Volga‐Caspian basin. The main task is the provision of fish breeding processes with producers, which, in the absence of fish of natural generation, are derived from brood stocks. Of particular concern is the threatened  state  of  the  Caspian  beluga  and  stellate  sturgeon.  It  is necessary to increase the release of their juveniles, for which financial stimulation of this activity is necessary. It is necessary to move more actively to the release of juveniles of an enlarged (7‐10 g) size and their export to feeding places in the waters of the Northern Caspian, which will contribute to an increase in fishing return.

Conclusion. It is necessary to increase funding for research into the reproductive function of females and for artificial generation, as well as for the maintenance of production herds – a golden fund for restoring natural reserves. The attention of all the Caspian states should be drawn to the intensification of activities for the artificial reproduction of these unique fish species in the Caspian basin.

Aim. To reveal mutual relations between species of the genus Nalassus in taxocenes and the division of ecological niches during cohabitation.

Material and Methods. Observations and collection of adult beetles and food objects were carried out in 2020–2022 in Dagestan, North Ossetia, Kabardino‐Balkaria,  Karachay‐Cherkessia, Krasnodar Region (Russia) and Abkhazia. The nutrition of beetles was observed directly in nature at night with headlamps, and in some cases in laboratory conditions using the test cafeteria  method.  The  number  of  beetles  per  area  was  counted  on 100 × 4 m transects. The number, sexual structure and diurnal activity (feeding, copulation) were observed with the pause of 15 to 25 minutes. We measured temperature (the range from −4 to +40°C) and humidity (the range from 0 to 100%) by loggers every 7 minutes.

Results. New localities for seven known species of Nalassus are presented. The  new  species  N. (Caucasonotus)  ritsanus  M.  Nabozhenko,  sp.  n.  is described from environs of Ritsa Lake in Abkhazia and it is compared with other Abkhazian representatives of the subgenus Caucasonotus. We revealed or added information about trophic relations for eight species of the genus; lichenophagy is typical for the majority of species; phytophagy and saprophagy were registered for Nalassus for the first time; algophagy was fixed for two species. The number, sex structure in micropopulations and ranges of air temperature and humidity during the period of imagoes activity were analyzed.

Conclusion.  The  most  important  and  perhaps  the  only  strategy  for reducing competition in the cohabitation of Nalassus in the Caucasus is a trophic specialization. An occupation of open landscapes by Caucasian Nalassus did not play a role in the subgeneric differentiation, but was partially accompanied by a transition from lichenophagy to phytophagy and saprophagy.

Aim. Based on original and bibliographic data, to compile a review of the fauna of gall midges in Dagestan, Russia, including information about host plants, gall formation, life cycles and distribution.

Materials and Methods. The basis for the work were materials collected in the flat and mountainous parts of Dagestan. Standard methods were used: inspection of the plants, search and mass collection of galls and damage to plants in which larvae develop; rearing imago; making permanent preparations of larvae and adults.

Results. For the first time, an overview of the gall midges of Dagestan is offered. 67 species of gall midges of 41 genera were identified, of which 39 species are new to Dagestan, including 13 species new to the Caucasus: Asphondylia   hornigi   Wachtl,   1880,   A.   menthae   Kieffer,   1902,   A. salviaflorae Fedotova, 2003, Lasioptera eryngii (Vallot, 1829), Rosomyia spiraeae Fedotova, 1987, Dracunculomyia saissanica Fedotova, 1999, Dasineura plicatrix (Loew, 1850), D. sisymbrii (Schrank, 1803), D. trifolii (Löw, 1874), D. tamaricicarpa Fedotova, 1983, Asiodiplosis hodukini Marikovskij, 1965, A. petrosimoniae (Fedotova, 1994), Seriphidomyia butakovi  Fedotova,  2000.  Of  these  the  last  4  are  new  to  Russia. Phytophage gall midges (64 species of 36 genera) were found on plants belonging to 23 families, 46 genera and 56 species. Of the 36 genera of gall midges, 28 (77.8%) are plant‐specific to plant families, including 9 out of 28 (32.1%) monotypic. The fauna is based on the Western Palearctic and Turanian species.

Conclusion. A preliminary review of gall midges in Dagestan in comparison with data on adjacent territories, indicates a very poor study of gall midges in general. Identification of the species diversity and trophic relationships of gall midges which develop on adventitious, invasive and economically important plants of the Caucasus is relevant both for protected natural areas and recreational areas.

Aim. To study the effect of different pH values on the characteristics of the embryonic and larval development of Rana macrocnemis.

Material and methods. Fragments from 6–7 clutches of R. macrocnemis collected on the territory of Foothill Dagestan were used in the work. The experiment  included  two  series  of  experiments:  in  the  1st  series,  the entire cycle of embryonic‐larval development of the R. macrocnemis frog was  studied,  and  in  the  2nd,  only  the  postembryonic  development  of R. macrocnemis was studied. Eggs were individually placed in containers with different pH values (4.0, 5.0, and 9.0).

Results.    The    most    vulnerable    periods    in    the    development    of R. macrocnemis are the stages of neurula, limb formation, and metamorphosis. At pH 4.0, oxygen consumption by larvae decreases, accompanied by suppression of feeding behavior and a decrease in the intensity of metabolic processes. In addition, pH 4.0 has a negative effect on the survival of embryos and larvae. At pH 5.0, changes are noted that are mainly of an adaptive nature. Against the background of the accelerated development of embryos at these pH values, a significant decrease  in  the  length  and  weight  of  their  body  is  noted.  With  the transition to larval development, an increase in body size is observed against the background of a small increase in weight. An elongation of the duration of the period from the beginning of the formation of limbs to the end of metamorphosis was also noted.

Conclusion. The data obtained can be used in monitoring the level of acidity of the environment and the oxygen content in natural water bodies during the spawning period, which will help clarify the issue of the reduction in the number of R. macrocnemis frogs in Dagestan.

Aim. To summarise information provided so as to allow us to compile a modern understanding of the breeding ranges, abundance and breeding biology of the Great Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga, a rare species in the Altai Territory and the Altai Republic.

Material and Methods. While studying the distribution, abundance and nesting biology of the Great Spotted Eagle, we used generally accepted methods with certain modifications. The species was observed during foot and car surveys. To get an idea of the distribution of the spotted eagle in the region, an analysis of available sources was carried out, including materials from the Red Data Book of the Altai Territory and other relevant information resources.

Results. Nesting groups of a feathered predator are characterised by uneven spatial distribution. This is due to the habit of the spotted eagle to gravitate to wetlands and floodplain lands in high‐trunk mixed forests, alternating with meadow‐pasture and field landscapes. In ribbon and acquisition forests, as well as in wildlife sanctuaries located on their territory,  there  has  been  a  rapid  trend  towards  a  decrease  in  the population of the species, primarily due to selective felling of vegetation and disturbance of the birds during the nesting period. In this regar, there is a need to expand and deepen ornithological studies aimed at improving environmental measures for the Great Spotted Eagle.

Conclusions. Protection of this species should be combined with inevitable criminal or administrative punishment of poachers and illegal forest users, who are involved in destructive environmental activities in the region discussed.  Otherwise,  the  progressive  extinction  of  the  Great  Spotted Eagle population in Altai will reach a critical point in forthcoming years.

Aim. One of the important tasks in solving the problem of improving the efficiency of sheep breeding is the rational use of fodder lands in the North Caucasus and the South of Russia, a significant part of which is located in different natural and climatic conditions. The complexity of solutions lies in insufficient knowledge of the mechanisms of adaptation of farm animals, in particular sheep, to the ecological and geographical features of these regions. The  purpose  of  this  research  was  to  study  the  genetic  polymorphism  of genes, the degree of genetic variability and immune status in sheep of different breeds, since genetic polymorphism is a measure of its adaptability and the hematopoietic function of blood is the basis of the life of the organism.

Material and Methods. The genetic structure of the GH/Hae III, GDF9/AsplEI genes and immune status, was studied by the methods of genetic‐statistical and immune analysis in sheep of different breeds kept in different climatic zones of Dagestan and the Krasnodar Territory.

Results. As a result of DNA genotyping of the studied samples of sheep of different breeds, it was found that polymorphism of GH/HaeIII, GDF9/AsplEI genes is represented by three genotype variants: homozygous GH/HaeIII^АА, GH/HaeIII^ВВ;    GDF9/AsplEI^АА,    GDF9/AsplEI^GG;    heterozygous    GH/HaeIII^AB; GDF9/AsplEI^AG  and two alleles: A and B – of the GH/HaeIII gene; A and G – GDF9/AsplEI gene with different frequency of occurrence, respectively.

Conclusion. For the first time,  genetic variability has been studied in the context of the immune status of sheep populations of different breeds bred in the foothills of the Republic of Dagestan and Krasnodar Territory. The information obtained about the role of the degree of genetic variability and the immune status of sheep of different breeds is answered in the formation of adaptive‐compensatory mechanisms to specific conditions of the breeding environment.  A  deeper  study  of  the  adaptive  characteristics  of  sheep  of different breeds for their further improvement allows the use of molecular genetic and hematological methods.

Aim.  The  aim  of  the  work  is  to  study  the  biodiversity of  certain invertebrates (Insecta,  Molluska) of  the  Azat River  gorge and their ecological and biological features.

Material   and  Methods.  Invertebrates  collected in  the  Garni‐Goght‐ Geghard section of the Azat River gorge in the period from 2015 to 2021 served as study material.

The work  was  carried out at  the  Scientific Center for  Zoology  and Hydroecology of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. Our own collections have been used as material, as well as collections of insects and mollusks of the Institute of Zoology.

Results. As a result of studies of the species composition of invertebrates of the Azat River gorge (Geghard, Goght, Garni) we found: 25 species of horseflies (Tabanidae: Diptera), 24 species of phytophagous gall midges (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera); 13  aphid species (Aphididae: Hymenoptera); 17  pyralid moth species (Crambidaе: Lepidoptera) from 5 subfamilies (Crambinae,  Evergestinae,   Pyraustinae,  Spilomerlinae,  Glaphyriinae); 19 species of mollusks (Molluska): 3 species of freshwater mollusks from 3 families (Physidae, Planorbidae, Ancylidae), 16  species of terraneous mollusks from 10 families (Succineidae, Vertiginidae, Orculidae, Pupillidae Valloniidae, Enidae, Vitrinidae, Endodontidae,  Limacidae, Helicida). The bioecological features of these insects and mollusks have been studied and distribution by biotopes, revealing changes in the species composition of some groups due to anthropogenic factors.

Conclusion. As a result of the researches undertaken, a wide variety of invertebrates has been frevealed. They occupy all ecological niches and are found in all plant formations of the Azat River gorge. Most of the insect species are of economic importance. Research on invertebrates of the Azat river gorge is very promising. Works in this direction will be continued with the involvement of new research groups.

Aim. To study the possibility of using cryptolemus in an integrated system for combating the Australian grooved worm in the conditions of the southern coast of Crimea.

Material  and  Methods.  The  population  of  Icerya  purchasi  Mackall  on plants was determined during regular surveys of agrobiocenoses by counting the number of pest individuals per unit area. The biological effectiveness of cryptolemus from the unique scientific installation «State collection of living entomoacariphages and entomopathogens» in relation to the Australian grooved worm on pittosporum in the conditions of the Southern Coast of Crimea was studied in the following variants: beetle release, larval release and joint release of imago and predator larvae. The possibility of joint use of bioagent and pesticides was studied in the laboratory according to generally accepted methods.

Results. It was established that the biological efficacy of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. in relation to Icerya purchasi Mackall in the conditions of the Southern Coast of Crimea amounted to 50–75% and the possibility of joint use of an entomophage with a number of pesticides is also shown.

Conclusion.  The  potential  possibility  of  controlling  the  pest  population with a bioagent, without the use of chemical means of protection, which is especially important in the conditions of a resort area, has been experimentally proven.

Aim. Analysis of the dynamics of growth and development of anthers of the winter‐flowering shrub Jasminum nudiflorum in the conditions of the Southern coast of Crimea in connection with the determination of an adaptive strategy for the genesis of the male generative sphere of the species.

Material and Methods.  The  stages  of genesis  of  Jasminum nudiflorum anthers were determined during the weekly analysis of temporary and permanent  preparations  of  buds  collected  from  June  to  December 2018–2020. The dynamics of the growth of anthers was determined by calculating the relative growth rate (R), based on the actual data of their lengths.

Results. The genesis of J. nudiflorum anthers takes 6–7 months and is characterized by alternating periods of decreasing and increasing growth intensity. A high positive correlation was established between the lengths of J. nudiflorum anthers and their development stages (r=0,94). The premeiotic period lasts from the 2nd decade of June to the 3rd decade of August. In it, it is possible to distinguish the resting phase, which falls on the 3rd decade of July – I decade of August, after which the growth and differentiation of anther tissues is activated. During the period of microsporogenesis (1st – 2nd decades of October), the growth intensity reaches its maximum values. The average daily air temperature during this period is +16...+18°C. In the post‐arctic period (2nd decade of October – 3rd decade of December), when the differentiation of the gametophyte occurs, there is a decrease in the relative growth rate of anthers. In winter, the anthers are at the stage of vacuolated microspores, which can tolerate short‐term freezing without reducing the quality of pollen.

Conclusions. The strategy of the genesis of the male generative sphere in the winter‐flowering shrub is characterized by alternating periods of increase and decrease of the intensity of their growth, which are timed to certain stages of development and seasons of the year and are adaptive in nature, aimed at reducing the influence of stress from meteorological and climatic factors, which is important for the production of a fertile gametophyte.

Aim.  Analysis  of  changes  in  quantitative  and  structural  indicators  of phytoplankton in the western and central part of the middle Caspian Sea over the past decades, including according to remote sensing data.

Material  and  Methods.  The  data  was  obtained  in  2004–2008  and 2019–2022 at different seasons of the year at 40 stations in the central and western part of the middle Caspian Sea. Phytoplankton samples were taken  from  4–6 layers.  A  total  of  300 samples  of phytoplankton  were analyzed. Determination of species and counting of the number of cells was carried out under the “Ergaval” light microscope. WoRMS guided matters of nomenclature.

Results. The spring phytoplankton is dominated by the species traditional for the Caspian Sea – Cyclotella caspia diatoms and Prorocetrum micans dinoflagellates. The maximum abundance of C. caspia (5.0 x 10⁴ cell/l) was recorded at depths of 35–40 m. In summer, the maximum phytoplankton biomass (2.2 g/m³) was noted in the seasonal thermocline and was formed due to small flagellates and dinoflagellates. Phytoplankton biomass during winter blooms reached 4.5–5.0 g/m³ and was determined by the development of diatoms (up to 96–99%). Winter blooms were formed by the diatom species traditional for the sea, as well as by the Pseudo‐nitschia seriata and Cerataulina pelagica species.

Conclusion. It is shown that in the middle Caspian Sea, the winter and autumn seasons are characterized by a highly productive status. In January–February, periodic blooms of diatoms are observed, as confirmed by satellite data and in situ observations. In summer, phytoplankton biomass is determined by the mass development of dinoflagellates in the seasonal thermocline layer, which has not been recorded by remote methods. In the autumn phytoplankton the main role is played by the diatom component, represented mainly by alien species.

Aim. The structure of forest communities changes along the altitude gradient, which determines the composition of epiphytic lichens. The aim of the study is to compare the species composition and functional characteristics of epiphytic lichens in Dagestan forests of different formations to identify key differences in the lichen flora.

Material and Methods. Data on diversity and structure of 334 species of epiphytic lichens revealed during in field work from 2015 to 2019 were used as material for the work. Statistical analysis and data visualization were performed in Statistica 13.3 and PAST 4.0.

Results. The highest number of epiphytic lichens was revealed in forests with complex tree structure with the participation of pine. A decrease of specific species and genera was noted with altitude increase. Cluster analysis of species, genera, reproductive strategies and growth forms showed the proximity of mountain forests (Pineta kochiana and Fageta orientalis) and their distance from lowland forests (Carpineta betulus). The percent  of  species  forming  vegetative  diaspores  increases  in mountain cluster forests. The "photobiont" indicator is clearer separated of studied formations. The greatest contribution to the division of the total sample is caused by difference in altitude, grouping the samples into mountainous and lowland.

Conclusion. The differences in lichens species composition are results not only of diversity of the components which form the structure of the forest community,  but  also  of  specific  microclimatic  conditions  which  change with altitude, as well as the degree of anthropogenic disturbance.

Aim. In vitro analysis of the inhibitory activity of aqueous extracts of tea compositions, plant raw materials and as well as plants from different families against replication of Herpes simplex virus type 2.

Material and Methods. The viral strain MS of HSV‐2 was passivated on Vero cell culture. Antiviral (inhibitory) activity of aqueous extracts was studied in vitro according to the classical scheme of neutralization (inactivation) of the virus.

Results. For comparison we used control samples of aqueous extracts of Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) and grass of Alchemilla vulgaris L. with EC₅₀ equal to 21.36±3.92 and 39.67±8.75 µg/ml (for dry raw materials) versus 10³  PFU/ml HSV‐2. As a result the prevailing activity (from 15.25±3.92 to 1.71±0.54 µg/ml) was identified for extracts of tea compositions based on black and green tea, as well as individual ingredients for their composition – black tea, leaves of Mentha piperita L.,  flowers  of  Lavandula  angustifolia  Mill. and  clove  spices  (Syzygium aromaticum L.). Extracts obtained from plants that are not part of tea compositions of interest are fermented leaves of Epilobium angustifolium L. (Onagraceae) and grass of two species Euphorbia (E. pilosa L. and E. esula  L.,  Euphorbiaceae)  with  inhibitory  activity  at  concentrations  of 10.675±1.96; 2.29±0.57 and 1.71±0.54 µg/ml, respectively.

Conclusion. The results presented can become the basis for the search for individual biologically active substances of plant origin that inhibit HSV‐2 replication as well as for the development of effective medicines in the form of tea beverages and/or formulations for topical use to reduce relapses of chronic herpes.

Aim. A comprehensive analysis of the development of the living environment of the city of Khabarovsk, Russia.

Discussion. The article discusses the stages of the formation of the city of Khabarovsk under the conditions of the mutual influence of natural landscape,   historical   and   town   planning   factors.   The   territory   of Khabarovsk exists under the influence of a number of interacting factors, the combination of which determines the low quality of life of the population. These factors ensure the uniqueness of the territory, which often fulfill a compensatory role, but also determine the ecological vulnerability  of  the  city  and  limit  its  development.  In  the  category  of natural landscape factors there are 4 principal impacts: Khabarovsk is associated with an intermountain depression, which contributes to atmospheric pollution stagnation and the domination of the Siberian anticyclone during the cold season, which creates unfavourable conditions for the dispersion of harmful impurities in the atmosphere; potential exposure to flooding; and potential fire hazard. The main historical factor in the development of Khabarovsk is the inclusion of the Far East in the space  of  Russia  and  the  awareness  of  its  geostrategic  importance. However, the development of the region has always been accompanied by difficulties due to remoteness and vicinity to China. For all urban systems there are specific general urban development factors. Their influence is unevenly traced at different stages of the formation of Khabarovsk’s territory, at times fixing errors in the layout of the city, and at others reducing the comfort of the environment. Only at the present stage is a balance of factors taking shape that sets the prospects for the comprehensive improvement of the population’s living space.

Conclusion. Sustainability of Khabarovsk development is possible under the condition of creating a viable model of advanced economic development of the Far East.

Aim. The aim is to assess the socio‐economic and metropolitan environmental  development  of  border  areas  of  the  Central  Black  Soil region (Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk regions) in order to develop a model concept.

Material and Methods. The study uses a systematic approach through methods of comparative and economic‐statistical analysis. The statistical base employed was the official materials of Rosstat 2016–2020.

Results. The calculated integral index of socio‐economic and metropolitan environmental development of the border areas of the Central Black Soil region indicates the presence of four groups of municipalities with high, medium, below average and low levels of development. The socio‐ economic development of border areas is characterised by high spatial heterogeneity and a high degree of concentration of human and economic capital within the agglomerations. There is a polarisation in the considered indicators: while the gap in the private indices is not so significant, it is significant between municipalities. In accordance with our calculations, there is a need to develop a model concept of socio‐economic and metropolitan environmental development of border regions.

Conclusions. The level of socio‐economic development of areas is a derivative of the power generated by the metropolitan‐core and is determined by the available local economic potential, the ability of district centres of concentration of business activity to absorb the impacts of the metropolitan centre. Gradual "filling" of socio‐economic gaps is possible if the level of development of the metropolitan core and adjacent territories increases, i.e. the territorial spread of the positive socio‐economic effects generated by the metropolis.

The work has solved an urgent practice‐oriented task of socio‐economic and geographical research – the assessment of socio‐economic and metropolitan environmental development of border areas of the Central Black Soil region, which provides an opportunity to comprehensively and adequately identify "strengths and weaknesses" of the metropolitan development of the regions.

Aim. Analysis of modern studies on the effectiveness of fungi and antagonist   bacteria   against   Meloidogyne   root‐knot   nematodes   on vegetable crops.

Materials and Methods. Studies of Russian and foreign scientists on the use of biological agents and their metabolites to control Meloidogyne spp. when growing vegetables have been carefully analysed.

Results.   The   harmfulness   of   gall   nematodes   on   vegetable   crops   is described.  Studies  on  the  most  pathogenic  species  of  Meloidogyne, including those common in Russia, are summarised. Information is given regarding  features  of  the  relationship  between  the  host  plant  and phytoparasites are highlighted. An analysis of the range of chemical and biological nematicides is presented. The problem of the lack of effective environmentally friendly products able to control root‐knot nematodes on vegetables, including  the  prospect of using  biological agents, has  been identified.   The   features   of   ongoing   research   on   the   study   of   the nematicidal activity of biological agents and their metabolites to control various   stages   of   development   of   Meloidogyne   species   have   been collected, analysed, systematised and described. The prospect of studying the mechanisms of action of microorganisms against root‐knot nematodes is substantiated in order to create new effective biological nematicides that allow the growth of high‐quality and healthy vegetable products.

Conclusion. Gall nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) remain a current pest of soil‐grown  vegetables.  Scientists  are  actively  working  on  the  study  of nematophagous fungi and antagonist bacteria to create environmentally friendly  biological  nematicides.  With  proper  use,  biological  agents  and their metabolites can help protect plants from phytoparasites at the level of chemical nematicides and have an additional beneficial effect on the growth and development of vegetable crops.

Aim. The aim of research is to determine the suitability and fertilizing value of fertilizers‐ameliorant, as well as to assess the degree of their contamination with heavy metals; approbation of fertilizers‐ameliorants in various conditions in the cultivation of agricultural crops.

Material and Methodology. The main agrochemical parameters of sewage sludge and the chemical composition of glauconite were studied by analytical methods in laboratory conditions. The content of heavy metal cations in the sewage sludge was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The object of research in the first experiment is seed potatoes (variety Arosa); in the second experiment – safflower (variety Alexandrite).

Results. Studies of the physico‐chemical parameters of the processed sewage sludge have been carried out. It has been established that the composition of the sediment is an effective organic fertilizer. The content of heavy metals in sewage sludge does not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations.   It   has   been   determined   that  silica   is   the   basis   of glauconite, and it also contains phosphorus, potassium and magnesium fertilizers. It has been proven that the use of sewage sludge as an independent  fertilizer,  as  well  as  in  combination  with  glauconite,  has significantly increased the yield of seed potatoes and safflower.

Conclusion. The use of non‐traditional ameliorant fertilizers is advisable along with the use of classical mineral fertilizers, as they allow increasing the  yield  of  some  agricultural  crops,  as  well  as  achieving  savings  in irrigation water.

Aim. To study the impact of the Green Deal of Russia program on the development of the country's economy, to analyze the main problems and prospects for its implementation in the medium and long term.

Methods. The study was conducted using theoretical system analysis, induction, deduction, comparative‐descriptive analysis, general scientific method of accounting.

Results. Currently, the most dynamically developing countries of the world are looking for ways to ensure the establishment and development of a green   economy   and   the   conservation   of   existing   biodiversity   in ecosystems. The Russian Green Deal project is a large‐scale concept for the   development   of   the   country  until  2050  with  an  emphasis  on decarbonizing the economy and restoring the environment. The authors made an attempt to answer the question, what are the prospects for the implementation of the "Green Course of Russia" program in the country. The  implementation  of  the  strategic  initiatives  of  the  "Green  Deal  of Russia", according to the study, will require significant both current and investment costs. The authors concluded that it is necessary to carry out a set   of   organizational,   rule‐making,   administrative   and   managerial measures  on  the  part  of  the  state  and  society  aimed  at  structural modernization of the entire socio‐economic system of the country.

Conclusion. The need to implement the main provisions of the "Green Deal for Russia" program is beyond doubt, as the whole world is facing serious global environmental challenges that can destroy humanity itself. At the same time, the issue of readiness for the structural modernization of the Russian economy through the transition to the development of clean  energy,  energy  efficiency,  and  the  development  of  a  cyclical economy remains open and uncertain.