Aim of this work was to summarise the results of ecological and virological studies of phytoviruses circulating in natural plant communities conducted in the Russian Far East on a regular basis since 1968 by the Laboratory of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (Vladivostok).

During the period 1968–2025 laboratory staff completed over 400 expeditions within 9 subjects of the Far Eastern Federal Region and identified over 200 virus‐like diseases in more than 100 species of wild plants. The obtained isolates obtained are in long‐term storage in the Collection of East Asian Viruses at the Scientific Research Centre for East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Many viral isolates have yet to be identified. Thse most studied are briefly described in this work: 94 isolates obtained from representatives of wild flora of 58 species, 47 genera, 24 families, and 16 orders from 7 subjects of the Russian Federation. The data obtained include only viral diseases of wild‐growing species with pronounced symptom; however, due to the latent nature of the infectious process in plants of the natural flora, there are many more phytoviruses.

Further studies of phytopathogenic viruses, their prevalence and ways of circulation in nature are required. Also necessary is strict observance of agricultural techniques and preventive measures used to prevent infection of these plants introduced from outside the region and the spread of harmful viruses associated with them.

The aim of the work was to identify viruses transmitted by transmission in hard ticks collected in several regions of the European part of Russia.

The viral RNA of ticks of the genus Ixodes, collected from natural foci of tick‐borne encephalitis in the Astrakhan region, Karelia and Stavropol Krai, was studied by PCR and sequencing of the obtained virus‐specific DNA fragments.

Genomic markers of viruses of the Flaviviridae, Phenuiviridae and Nairoviridae families were found in ticks collected in the Astrakhan Region, Republic of Karelia and Stavropol krai.

Genetic markers of viruses previously not described for Russia were found in Ixodes ticks collected in the Astrakhan Region, Republic of Karelia and Stavropol krai. Natural foci of tick‐borne infections tend to expand their range, and, therefore, research to identify new viruses ecologically associated with ixodid ticks is becoming increasingly important.

The objective of the study was to identify the features of seasonal and inter‐annual dynamics of avian influenza virus (AIV) infection in wild duck populations in the north of the Kulunda Plain during migrations.  Biological samples were collected from April to November 2015–2024. from 15 species of wild ducks. To isolate influenza A virus isolates from cloacal smears, cultivation on developing chicken embryos was used in three consecutive passages, following a standard procedure.

Cloacal smears were collected from 3,733 individuals of the Anatidae family. 163 A AIV VP isolates were isolated from samples taken in autumn, while 2 isolates were isolated in spring. The analysis of the data showed inter‐annual fluctuations in the infection rate of AIV from 1 to 10 % in different years. 

Varying seasonal and inter‐annual dynamics of wild duck infection were determined in the study area and it can be assumed that this is caused by the specific characteristics of the carriers and environmental conditions. 

Aim. The objective was to assess the development of HIV‐1 resistance in patients with virological failure of antiretroviral therapy. 

Resistance analysis of HIV‐1 and clinico‐epidemiological data was performed for 367 infected residents of Altai Krai. Nucleotide sequences of HIV‐1 protease and reverse transcriptase were obtained by PCR and sequencing of viral genome regions. Genotyping, phylogenetic, and mutation analyses were performed using specialised resources.

In the sample studied, a predominance of HIV‐1 CRF63_02A6 (52.0 %) and subtype A6 (42.5 %) was detected. Drug resistance of HIV‐1 was found in 310 (84.5 %) of 367 samples. The most commonly used NRTI combination was TDF+3TC (60.8 %). The prevalence of HIV‐1 resistance to TDF was

46.9 % and to 3TC was 86.6 %. Drugs of the NNRTI group were taken by 51.5 % of persons; EFV was included in 38.1 % of prescribed regimens and the prevalence of viral resistance to EFV was 87.9 %. Protease inhibitors were taken by 25.8 % of patients; combinations LPV+RPV (36.8 %) and ATV+RPV (43.2 %) were more frequently prescribed. The prevalence of HIV‐1 resistance to LPV+RPV was 33.3 % and to ATV+RPV was 35.9 %. The most frequent resistance mutations among HIV were: to NRTIs – M184V/I (62.2 %), K65R/E (17.5 %); to NNRTIs – K103N/S (47.8 %), E138G/A/K/Q (23.7 %); to PIs – V82A/G and M46I/L (20.5 % each).

The study underscores the importance of access to HIV‐1 resistance testing, since timely detection of resistant viral strains and appropriate adjustment of therapy can restore treatment effectiveness, prevent the emergence of new mutations and limit the development of crossresistance to other ARVs.

The aim of this study was to comparatively examine the characteristics of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn seeds grown in natural conditions and to assess the influence of phenotype and year of growth on seed quality.

The study was conducted by measuring morphometric traits (seed length, width, and thickness) and weight traits (seed weight, thousand‐seed weight) of natural milk thistle accessions collected at the full‐maturity stage of their heads over several years (2015–2018) in a natural population.

A study of the morphological traits of milk thistle accessions revealed phenotypic differences between years. The greatest differences were observed in seed width, thickness, and seed weight, which are related to seed fullness.

Intrapopulation variability in the studied parameters was identified, driven by the influence of seed coat color and year of sample collection. The dynamics of 1,000‐seed weight were also determined depending on the factors considered. The study's results are important for understanding the biomorphological characteristics of S. marianum, as well as for addressing issues in medicinal plant seed production. 

The objective was to determine the component composition of the lipophilic complex obtained from dried roots of Eremostachys laciniata flora of the Republic of Dagestan by gas chromatography with massselective detection (GC‐MS).

The object of the study are the roots of Eremostachys laciniata, harvested from wild plants of the flora of the Republic of Dagestan in the vicinity of Derbent. Using MAESTRO 7820 gas chromatograph with an Agilent 5975 mass spectrometer and an autoinjector, the component composition of the hexane and chloroform fractions of the lipophilic complex obtained by extracting dried roots with 96 % ethyl alcohol was determined. The analysis was performed using an HP‐5 capillary quartz column, 30 m x 0,25 mm x 0,25 μm, helium carrier gas. The components were identified using NIST 2.4 mass spectral libraries and literature data.

The results of component analysis of the hexane and chloroform fractions of the lipophilic complex demonstrated a wide range of structurally diverse components. The content of extractive substances extracted from the roots with 96 % alcogol was 3,25 % based on dry raw material. In the lipophilic fractions studied, 42 compounds were identified – mainly terpenes, phytosterols, fatty acids and their esters and aromatic compounds. It was established that the groups of substances studied are extracted from the roots by various solvents unevenly; the nature of their distribution depends, among other things, on polarity.

The phytochemical data presented supplement our knowledge of the component composition of the subterranean organs of Eremostachys laciniata. Further study of this promising medicinal plant could expand the use of preparations from its raw materials in medical and pharmaceutical practice.

The objective was to consider the main directions of transformation of the biodiversity of insects and ticks in the Caspian region in the context of climate change and to assess their impact on the epidemiological situation of natural focal diseases. 

Due to global climate change and an increase in average annual temperatures, destructive changes are being observed in the Caspian region, which entail bioecological, biomedical, and socio‐economic consequences. The rapid pace of climate change prevents the mechanisms of adaptation of organisms from being triggered and leads to a reduction in biodiversity, disruption of the structure and sustainability of communities. In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the number of alien insect and tick species expanding their ranges and creating new populations, including in southern Russia and the Caucasus. There is a change in the composition and structure of the fauna, the ecology of background species, a decrease in the proportion of autochthonous species, the displacement of the original Caucasian endemics, and an increase in the number of migrants and pests of cultivated plants. Biological invasions are a global problem and pose a serious threat to public health, as there is an expansion of the ranges of blood‐sucking insects and ticks, which can be natural reservoirs and vectors of vector‐borne diseases. 

Due to the increase in average annual temperatures in the Caspian region, there is a decrease in biodiversity, changes in the composition, structure and stability of ecosystems, loss of rare and endemic species, invasion of alien species and pests. If the pace of climate change continues, the spread of vectors and pathogens of vector‐borne infections and the formation of new natural foci of diseases are expected.

The objective was the assessment of the nesting success of jays in the Stavropol Territory and to identify factors influencing the reproductive ecology of the species in the region.

Observations of the breeding success of the jay were carried out during the nesting period of 2010–2023 in the north, east and northeast of the Stavropol Territory, within modelled areas. Over the entire period of our research, 27 jay nests were examined. Of these, 7 nests were control nests, which were carefully observed.

The article presents data on the features of the placement of jay nests, taking into account the height, the location of nests in the crown of trees and the occurrence of nests on different types of trees. The text describes the main metric indicators and building materials of nests. We measured the biometric indicators of jay eggs and identified their correlations.

During the study of nesting behavior of jays, it was found that nests are located most often on dominant tree species. Among the preferred tree species, can be singled out apple, poplar, ash, oak and honey locust. The average jay clutch size varies from 3 to 7 eggs. The jay living in the Stavropol Territory is characterised by significant variation in the weight of eggs in different nests. One of the main factors determining the success of reproduction of this species is the choice of location for constructing a nest.

To describe a new location of the formation of a large brood colony of M. blythii in the disused Kakamakh silo (a military concrete structure abandoned in the early 1980s near the village of Kakamakhi, Republic of Dagestan) and to assess the role of man‐made objects in maintaining populations of the species in the north‐eastern Caucasus.

The study was conducted in the autumn of 2025 at a partially destroyed silo near the village of Kakamakhi (Republic of Dagestan). The facility was a twostory reinforced concrete structure with underground rooms and a system of shafts, similar in design to a previously surveyed silo near the village of Adanak. A visual bat census was conducted, recording the abundance, distribution and presence of females with batlings. Microclimatic parameters (temperature, humidity) were recorded using Tzone TZ‐TempU02 sensors. A new Myotis blythii refuge has been identified for the first time in an abandoned silo near the village of Kakamahi. A breeding colony of approximately 200 individuals was discovered in the basement, primarily in sections farthest from the entrance with limited access to light and drafts. The temperature recorded was 15–16.6 °C, humidity 73–80 %. Females with batlings were recorded; no other bat species were observed. The colony is similar in structure and microclimate to the previously described silo near the village of Adanak, indicating the role of man‐made structures as reproductive and, possibly, overwintering shelters. The main threats to these populations would be the destruction of the structures and changes in the microclimate due to dismantling. Such structures should be considered a priority for monitoring and inclusion in the network of protected habitats for rare species.

The research conducted suggests that man‐made refuges play a key role in the reproduction and, likely, wintering of the species, and require consideration when planning management and conservation activities. The example of Altai demonstrates that granting protected status to reproductive refuges contributes to the preservation of colonies; similar measures are advisable for man‐made sites in the Northeast Caucasus.

The objective was to provide a comprehensive assessment of the hydrochemical status of water bodies in the Buynaksky District of the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, used for pasture irrigation and for watering farm animals.

Water samples were collected at representative points of each site; hydrochemical parameters were determined using standard methods. The ionic composition of NH⁴⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca^2+, Cl^‐, HCO₃^‐, SO₄^2‐, NO₂^‐, NO₃^‐, PO₄^3‐ was analysed by capillary electrophoresis; total hardness was measured titrimetrically based on the combined Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ content; COD and BOD5 were determined photometrically; and pH was measured using a pH meter.

Exceedances of permissible levels were recorded for several parameters at all sites. The most pronounced were concentrations of nutrients (ammonium and phosphates) and mineralisation indicators, especially in the Shura‐Ozen River and Buglen‐2 Lake, indicating progressing eutrophication and a high anthropogenic load. For the Kapchugay Canal, intra‐channel dynamics of nitrogen compounds were identified, consistent with self‐purification processes. Novelty lies in the comparative analysis of the chemical composition of 3 regional water bodies based on 2024–2025 data and in identifying anthropogenic factors shaping current environmental risks.

The findings confirm the need for regular environmental monitoring and the implementation of conservation measures to stabilise aquatic ecosystems in the foothill zone of Dagestan.

The aim is to identify the most effective technologies for implementing forest‐climatic reforestation and afforestation projects that maximise the absorption of greenhouse gases and increase the sustainability of forest ecosystems in the central forest‐steppe of the European part of Russia. The forests of the forest fund of six regions of the Russian Federation (Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Orel and Tambov Regions) were selected as the object of the research. The forest typology system of P.S. Pogrebnyak and the edaphic grid of forest conditions types have been used to assess the effectiveness of technologies, providing for differentiation according to four types of soil richness and six moisture gradations. The forest plans were analysed and compared and greenhouse gas emissions and sequestration were estimated for selected species compositions and tree species mixing schemes.

Optimal types of forest conditions for large‐scale implementation of forest‐climatic projects have been identified. The most effective technologies of artificial reforestation with the use of local economically valuable species have been recognised, which would provide a 12–15 % reduction in CO₂ emissions and an increase in annual greenhouse gas absorption of up to 2.8 t/ha. The combination of species composition and adaptation of mixing schemes would allow the increase of resistance of plantations to climatic stresses by 18–22 %.

The project scenarios developed can serve as a basis for scaling up forestclimatic projects in the central forest‐steppe, ensuring both ecological and economic efficiency of carbon sequestration measures. 

The objective was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the variability of the DRB1 locus OLA, to establish the level of polymorphism in the populations and breeds of sheep studied bred in different environmental conditions.

Material and methods included an assessment of the genetic differentiation of breeds from Russia (Dagestan Mountain, Dorper, Romanov, Suffolk) and one from the Republic of Kazakhstan (Akzhaik). The Romanov sheep populations were from farms in the Yaroslavl region and the Edilbaevskaya x Kalmyk crossbreeds were from Kalmykia (Russia). The decoding of the nucleotide sequence of DNA was carried out in 246 animals. Sequencing was carried out according to Sanger, followed by the use of bioinformatics analysis procedures. Statistical data processing was carried out using Microsoft Excel 2023, GenAlEx programs. The results showed that the between‐population variation (Frt = 0.008, p = 0.005) explained only 0.76 % of the variance, while the differences between the groups (Fsr = 0.044, p = 0.001) were 4.28 %. The negative Fis value (‐0.030, p = 0.997) indicated an excess of heterozygotes. The gene flow assessment (Nm = 4.58) confirmed a moderate level of migration. All the studied populations retained an excess of alleles with high levels of heterozygosity. A statistically significant level of population differentiation was noted (Fst = 5.2 %, p < 0.001).

The DRB1 OLA gene allele pool showed a typical structure with a predominance of individual variability in the sheep populations studied (95 %). Each breed contained alleles not found in others. Populations 3 and 9 were an exception owing to their small sample size (n ≤ 10), which limited the possibility of accurate statistical analysis and reliable identification of unique alleles.

The aim of the research was to assess the specifics of agricultural production in the south of Russia in the context of deteriorating agroclimatic conditions, increasing anthropogenic risk factors, a reduction in land suitable for agricultural use and the search for new technological solutions to maintain food productivity in these areas. 

The study used methods of analogy, classification, data systematisation, computational and analytical tools for processing digital material, methods of comparison and the generation of new knowledge. 

An analysis of the agro‐climatic environment of the arid regions of southern Russia was conducted. The authors examined the specifics of agricultural production in those regions, assessed the contribution of the southern agro‐industrial complex to the overall agricultural production of Russia as a whole and drew conclusions about the importance of this sector in the socioeconomic life of the regional populations. Degradation and desertification of steppes and pastures were demonstrated, requiring the use of sustainable and rational nature management. The practical application of innovative technological solutions in the production process at agricultural enterprises has demonstrated the effectiveness of such tools. 

The need to implement innovative approaches in the southern Russian macroregion to prevent the decline in the socioeconomic climate of the territories has been proven.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the ecological and agrochemical efficiency of treating rice plants with lignohumate.

The field experiment was located in the rice irrigation system of the left bank of the Kuban (Republic of Adygea). The experimental design included control (without fertilizers), application of N₁₂₀P₈₀K₆₀ fertilizers (background) and variant treatments of rice plants with an aqueous solution of lignohumate against a background of N₁₂₀P₈₀K₆₀. Rates of preparation of 125, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ml/ha were studied. The ecological and agrochemical efficiency of lignohumate in the rice agrocenosis was assessed by measuring the consumption of nutrients by plants during their growth and development, the removal of nutrients by the crop and the coefficients of their use by rice from the applied fertilizers. 

Treatment of rice agrocenosis with lignohumate increased: the average daily (on average throughout the growing season) consumption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by rice by 9.0‒22.2 %, 11.9‒23.9 and 9.9‒23.2 %; removal of nutrients by the crop by 3.1‒13.1 %; 6.1‒14.8 and 3.9‒13.9 %, and the coefficients of their use by plants from fertilizers by 2.7‒11.5 %, 3.8‒9.3 and 7.8‒27.7 %, respectively, in relation to the

N₁₂₀P₈₀K₆₀ background. 

The ecological and agrochemical efficiency of lignohumate is more pronounced when treating rice plants at the rate of 750 ml of the preparation per hectare of sowing. At this rate, the average daily absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by rice increases by 22.2 %, 23.9, 23.2 %, their removal by the crop by 13.1 %, 14.8 and 13.9 % and the use of elements by plants from fertilizers by 11.5 %, 9.3 and  27.7 %, respectively.

The objective was the selection of scientific ideas for the concept of regional ecotourism framework (carcass) of specially protected natural areas (SPNAs). Water bodies are taken as focal elements of ecosystems, while water‐dependent recreational practices are the primary content of ecotourism programmes.

Over 4,000 sources on the theory of spatial nature conservation and tourism‐recreational structures have been analysed. Propositions conceptually close to the idea of a nature‐ and activity‐oriented synthesis of such structures in SPNAs have been identified in geoecology, recreational geography and conservation theory. The theoretical framework is based on reasoning about regional tourism‐recreational systems and frameworks, differentiation of tourism types, tourism and recreational characteristics of water bodies, functional zoning and features of water recreation in SPNAs.

An ecotourism framework of SPNAs consists of elements of natural, tourism‐recreational, and ecological frameworks. It compensates for expanded visitor access. The core elements of a framework are the most expressive (informative) natural and specific production dominants outside the reserve core and corresponding to the latter in content. Connecting elements are eco‐routes, technological and external transportation networks. In medical‐biological, landscape‐aesthetic and informational‐educational terms, water bodies serve as core elements of the ecotourism framework in ecotourism.

To review current trends in the use of low‐grade geothermal energy of the Earth through geothermal heat pump systems (GHPS), summarising their advantages, challenges and implementation prospects in Russia.

The article analyses the principles and structural designs of geothermal systems, performance criteria, thermodynamic aspects and environmental risks. It demonstrates that the use of GHPS reduces greenhouse gas emissions, mitigates the urban heat island effect and improves air quality. Particular attention is paid to regulatory issues, technical barriers and strategies for minimising geoecological risks during system design. The technology’s high energy efficiency and environmental sustainability are highlighted, along with key factors constraining its large‐scale adoption in Russia.

Geothermal heat pump systems are a cornerstone of sustainable energy transition, promoting decarbonisation, optimisation of heat balance and the creation of environmentally safe urban environments. Developing national standards, incentives and integrating GHPS into hybrid energy systems are considered necessary.

The  study  investigates  the  geomorphological  structure,  morphodynamics and  landscape‐ecological  characteristics  of  the  Dagestan  coast  of  the Caspian  Sea  in  order  to  provide  a  scientific  rationale  for establishing  the aqua‐territorial  carbon  polygon  “Caspiy”.  Special  attention  is  given  to substantiating the uniqueness of this polygon as the first facility of its kind in Russia and worldwide to be created on a large inland closed water body. The  study  is  based  on  a  comprehensive  analysis  of  published  sources, remote  sensing data  (Sentinel‐2,  Landsat‐8),  digital elevation models and field observations. Methods applied include geomorphological typology of coasts,  shoreline  dynamics  analysis  and  assessment  of  landscape‐ ecological risks. 
It  has  been  established  that  the  ongoing  regression  of  Caspian  Sea  level intensifies accumulative processes, including the growth of spits and bars, lagoon  shallowing  and  expansion  of  saline  and  sandy  landforms.  High sensitivity of the Terek, Sulak, and Samur delta complexes to sea‐level and river  discharge  variations  has  been  identified.  Key  landscape‐ecological risks have been assessed, including desertification,  secondary salinisation and degradation of wetlands. 
The study substantiates the need to establish the “Caspiy” carbon polygon as a key and at the same time unique platform for long‐term monitoring of the  carbon  balance  and  coastal  ecosystem  dynamics  on  a  large  inland closed water body. It is shown that no analogous polygon exists in Russia or  globally,  which  underscores  its  significance  for  studying  the transformation of natural  systems and  for  testing GIS‐based methods  for predicting coastal zone changes under dynamic natural and anthropogenic conditions. 

Develop the scientific basis for optimise landscape and ecological conditions in the west Kazakhstan region. The main objectives were to identify geo‐ecological preconditions for sustainable developmen, and to zonate the territory of the region. 

A combination of landscape, cluster and geographic approaches, remote sensing data and methods for assessing human impact on the environment of B.I. Kochurovand L.V. Kropyanko and L.A. Bespalovaw Prospects for sustainable development have been identified for the West Kazakhstan region. Based on spatial analysis of natural resource potential, a cluster organisation of the landscape‐ecological framework has been established. Seven clusters were identified in the region. The most significant geo‐ecological preconditions for sustainable development were identified for each cluster and recommendations for priority areas of environmental management were given.

The spatial distribution of geo‐ecological conditions for sustainable development in west Kazakhstan is such that the territory and landscape ecology are organised into clusters with blurred boundaries and overlapping capabilities. Geo‐ecological factors for sustainable development form the basis for environmental management priorities and their implementation will contribute to sustainable regional development.

The objective was to compile a medium‐scale landscape map of the Makazhoy basin, in which the Kadyrov CHSU carbon landfill is located, based on data from remote sensing of the Earth of medium and high spatial resolution. 

Analysis of various Earth remote sensing data in the GIS environment was performed. To analyse and evaluate the contribution of relief to the formation of landscapes, a digital relief model and derived raster images obtained on its basis (steepness and exposure of slopes, horizontal and vertical dissection and distribution of solar radiation over the studied area) were used. The thermal conditions were estimated based on the temperature of the Earth's surface. The general features of humidification of the territory and spatial distribution of vegetation cover were determined on the basis of spectral/vegetation indices. The compiled map compiled is one of the main undertakings in the emerging GIS of the carbon polygon of the A.A. Kadyrov Chechnyan State University. 

A number of thematic maps have been created based on a digital relief model and multispectral images using GIS technologies. A series of maps obtained on the basis of a digital relief model made it possible to assess its contribution to the processes of differentiation and integration of landscapes of various classification units. The relatively homogeneous areas identified were then compared with spectral images, which made it possible to estimate the spatial distribution of vegetation cover. As a result, a landscape map has been created up to the level of landscape types.

The result of a complex of studies combining field observations and processing of Earth remote sensing data was a landscape map of the Makazhoy basin, which reflected 3 types, 3 subtypes, 3 genera and 9 types of landscapes belonging to the class of mountainous.

The chemical composition of rivers is determined by catchment basin features, climatic conditions and anthropogenic influence. This study is devoted to the identification of the main natural and anthropogenic factors and patterns that determine the formation of the chemical composition of the Mzymta River and its tributaries in its middle and lower reaches. Data on hydrochemical parameters, content of biogenic compounds and trace elements, including heavy metals of the Mzymta River and its tributaries from the confluence of the Pslukh River with the Mzymta River to the confluence with the Black Sea, are presented. The result revealed that the lower reaches were characterised by higher concentrations of all nutrient compounds than the middle reaches. A group of trace elements (V, Al, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Pb and REE) whose concentrations have unidirectional changes as the waters move downstream has been identified. The waters of the Pslukh River and the Mzymta River in the area of its confluence with the Pslukh and Kepsha Rivers, as well as in the zone of influence of sewage and its estuary, are significantly enriched in trace elements relative to the median chemical constituents of river waters. In general, changes in the chemical composition of the Mzymta River are influenced by two factors, natural and anthropogenic, namely due to the different geological conditions of its main tributaries, the regime and gradient of the river in its middle and lower reaches and the impact of construction works in the river channels and wastewater discharge.

Comparison of river water and drinking water quality by assessment of permanganate oxidisability at infiltration water intakes.

The initial data used were the average monthly values of permanganate oxidisability for the entire observation period and for a model year, reflecting the changes in the indicator in the annual cycle. Time series analysis, correlation analysis and cross‐correlation function were applied.

Seasonal changes in the indicator were revealed: the contribution of the seasonal component being 55–59 % for river water and 10–30 % for drinking water. The permanganate oxidisability in the river was 84–87 % higher. A time lag between the maximum oxidisability values was detected: in the river – in May, in drinking water – in June and July. Crosscorrelation analysis showed that the lag was one month. Accounting for the shift in the maximum permanganate oxidisability values strengthened the correlation from "noticeable" to "high" and "very high".

It was established that at infiltration water intakes, the increase in permanganate oxidisability to its maximum values in drinking water lags by 1 month compared to river water. This corresponds to the travel time of easily oxidised organic and inorganic compounds that are revealed in permanganate oxidisability of river water.

The aim of this work was to analyse seasonal changes of surface ozone concentrations (SO), to study cases of exceeding maximum permissible concentrations (MPC), extreme ozone episodes (EOEs) and nocturnal ozone enhancement (NOE) in order to propose mechanisms for the phenomena described and effective strategies for achieving established standards. In the course of the work, the concentrations of SO and its predicates were studied at the state air monitoring station in the city of Chelyabinsk during 2019–2021. According to the research results, it was revealed that the SO concentration in the Chelyabinsk urban area begins to increase in March and remains high during the summer. The SO concentration consists of several components: (1) that transported from the lower stratosphere and the upper layers of the troposphere as a result of stratospheric invasions (SI), which increase in summer; (2) that formed photochemically with a maximum in June: while the HCHO/NOx ratio calculated on the basis of ground‐based monitoring data cannot be used as a reliable indicator of SO formation; and (3) that incoming with low‐level jets (LLJs), the frequency of which increases during the night in spring and summer, as evidenced by the high frequency of NOE. 

This study is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical and methodological foundations of organisational and economic support for the introduction of renewable energy sources (RES) in the Republic of Dagestan, as well as an assessment of the environmental efficiency of their use. Based on a critical review of relevant literature, key gaps in the study of this issue are identified and the need to develop a methodological apparatus for an adequate assessment of the RES potential in the region is substantiated. Using econometric modeling and comparative analysis on a representative sample of data for the period 2010–2023, the main factors determining the economic and environmental efficiency of RES in Dagestan are identified. It is shown that the key barriers to large‐scale introduction of RES are high initial capital costs, an insufficiently developed institutional environment and a low level of public awareness. At the same time, the use of RES can significantly reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants, diversify the energy balance of the region and create new jobs. The results obtained would have significant theoretical value for the development of the concept of sustainable energy and practical applicability for the optimisation of regional energy policy. 

The aim was to study the physical and mechanical properties of textile materials based on plant fibres in order to assess their performance and environmental safety, proving the advantages and prospects of using materials such as nettle, flax and hemp as an alternative to traditional cotton. 

The article provides a historical analysis of the technology of production and application of textile materials based on vegetable fibres. Special attention is paid to the comparative assessment of the key characteristics and properties of fibrse such as cotton, flax, hemp and nettle. Experimental studies of the physical and mechanical properties of textile materials based on cotton, flax and nettle fibrse have been carried out. 

The study includes an analysis of the physical, operational and environmental aspects of each type of fibre, which allows us to identify their advantages and disadvantages in the context of modern textile production.

From a comparative analysis of the literature and experimental studies of textile materials made from cotton, flax and nettle fibres, it can be concluded that the most environmentally friendly, high‐yielding, as well as possessing positive physical and mechanical properties is the rami nettle fibre. Rami nettle fibre is the most environmentally friendly, high — yielding and high‐quality material. It has high hygroscopicity, thermal conductivity and breathability, as well as strength and UV resistance and is hypoallergenic. The production of nettle fabrics does not require high energy costs and does not harm the environment, which makes it an environmentally friendly alternative to cotton. 

The objective was to research the sustainable development of the leather and footwear industry which requires the introduction of resource‐saving, environmentally friendly methods of leather modification, allowing the improvement of its quality characteristics without the use of aggressive chemicals that reduce the hygienic and biocompatible properties of the material. One of the promising technological alternatives in this context is the use of nonequilibrium low‐temperature plasma (NLTP).

Examination of this technology which allows the elimination of common defects of natural shoe leather ‐ odour and indents ‐ without deterioration of hygienic properties and with a significant increase in the strength and aesthetic characteristics of the shoe upper blank.

Experimental data confirming the effectiveness of the treatment are presented, and environmental and resource aspects of the reuse of raw leather are discussed. A conclusion is made about the high technological and environmental feasibility of introducing NLTP at footwear industry enterprises. 

In the conditions of shortage of leather raw materials and growing requirements for environmental responsibility in production, the method proposed allows increase in the degree of use of low‐grade materials, reduction in the percentage of defects and waste and implementation of the principles of sustainable development and closed‐loop economy. Plasma modification does not require use of toxic reagents, does not violate the hygienic characteristics of leather and ensures the stability of the obtained result during industrial replication. 

Aim. Develop an algorithm to diagnose the consequences of Western sanctions on Russian agricultural development, considering state priorities for independence and import substitution. The need stems from agriculture's localization and the imperative to ensure food security/national independence via domestic resources or trade.

Utilized statistical databases on agriculture in Russian regions. Employed statistical analysis, indicative planning, security diagnostics, and algorithmbased modeling.

The outcomes include legal identification of the nature and expected goals of Western sanctions in the sphere of food security and national independence; a methodology for assessing sanctions' impact on agricultural activity and its independence; proposals to improve planning for regional independence from sanctions' negative effects within national food market.

Presents the results of developing a methodology for assessing the impact of sanctions on the development of Russian agriculture, based on the function of food independence for meta‐group food products (Russian Food Security Doctrine). An original system of indicators for diagnosing the level of agricultural dependence/independence on sanctions was proposed, spanning from micro to macro levels. Testing the original methodology for assessing the sanctions impact on agricultural development yielded evaluation results at both regional and national levels, covering individual meta‐group food products and their aggregate.