К вопросу о межвидовой гибридизации инвазивных видов Aedes aegypti и Ae. albopictus

Цель – обобщение результатов исследований, посвященных проблеме межвидовой гибридизации кровососущих комаров Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus и вероятных последствий данного явления. В обзоре рассмотрены направленность процесса гибридизации, механизмы посткопулятивной изоляции, вопрос выживаемости гибридов, а также влияние межвидовой гибридизации на представленность переносчиков в зоне симпатрии.

Изучение межвидовой гибридизации комаров Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus началось в первой половине XX века. В результате спаривания Ae. aegypti с Ae. albopictus самки обоих видов откладывают нежизнеспособные яйца. Спаривание девственных самок Ae. aegypti с самцами Ae. albopictus стерилизует самок посредством белков придаточных желез самца, но обратное межвидовое скрещивание не влияет на фертильность самок Ae. albopictus. Данное явление получило название сатиризации (репродуктивного вмешательства). Эффект сатира вызывает ассимметричные параметры популяции Aedes aegypti, что может привести к уменьшению популяции или исчезновению вида на данной территории. Однако, в ходе длительного взаимодействия в зоне симпатрии самки Ae. aegypti становятся резистентными к сатиризации.

Сатиризация является наиболее вероятной причиной конкурентных вытеснений местных комаров инвазивными видами, особенно Ae. albopictus. Даже низкие уровни асимметричного вмешательства в спаривание способны вызывать конкурентное вытеснение вида или сокращение его популяции. Популяции Ae. aegypti, подвергшиеся сатиризации, быстро вырабатывают устойчивость к межвидовому спариванию, что частично снимает отрицательное действие репродуктивного вмешательства и способствует сосуществованию с Ae. albopictus. Комары Ae. albopictus способны сатиризировать самок других видов, что может привести к конкурентным смещениям и возможным вымираниям, особенно эндемичных видов. Таким образом, успешная сатиризация способствует экологическому успеху инвазивного вида Ae. albopictus.

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