ecodagЮг России: экология, развитиеSouth of Russia: ecology, development1992-10982413-0958State Institute of Applied Ecology of the Republic of Dagestan10.18470/1992-1098-2026-2-12ecodag-3718Research ArticleБИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫBIOLOGICAL RESOURCESАдъюванты в ветеринарии и механизмы их действияAdjuvants in veterinary medicine and their mechanisms of actionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5717-1770ХрипкоО. П.KhripkoO. P.

Ольга П. Хрипко

Новосибирск

Olga P. Khripko

Novosibirsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8945-9891КоноваловД. И.KonovalovD. I.

Дмитрий И. Коновалов

Новосибирск

Dmitry I. Konovalov

Novosibirsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5784-0073ГлущенкоА. В.GlushchenkoA. V.

Александра В. Глущенко

Новосибирск

Alexandra V. Glushchenko

Novosibirsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9833-6060ШестопаловМ. А.ShestopalovM. A.

Михаил А. Шестопалов, д.х.н., проф. РАН, г.н.с.

630090 Новосибирск, пр. Ак. Лаврентьева, 3

Тел. +79139576252

Michael A. Shestopalov, D.Sc., Professor, Russian Academy of Sciences, Principal Researcher, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry

3 Acad. Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090

Tel. +79139576252

shtopy@niic.nsc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0015-9305АлексеевА. Ю,AlekseevA. Yu.

Александр Ю. Алексеев

Новосибирск

Махачкала

Alexander Yu. Alekseev

Novosibirsk

Makhachkala

1Институт неорганической химии им. А.В. Николаева СО РАНРоссияNikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationИнститут неорганической химии им. А.В. Николаева СО РАН; Федеральный исследовательский центр Фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины, НИИ ВирусологииРоссияNikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre of Fundamental and Translational MedicineRussian FederationФедеральный исследовательский центр Фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины, НИИ ВирусологииРоссияResearch Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre of Fundamental and Translational MedicineRussian FederationФедеральный исследовательский центр Фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины, НИИ Вирусологии; Институт экологии и устойчивого развития, Дагестанский государственный университетРоссияResearch Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre of Fundamental and Translational Medicine; Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State UniversityRussian Federation202603082026212134‐145Copyright © Хрипко О.П., Коновалов Д.И., Глущенко А.В., Шестопалов М.А., Алексеев А.Ю., 20262026Хрипко О.П., Коновалов Д.И., Глущенко А.В., Шестопалов М.А., Алексеев А.Ю.Khripko O.P., Konovalov D.I., Glushchenko A.V., Shestopalov M.A., Alekseev A.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ecodag.elpub.ru/ugro/article/view/3718

Адъюванты играют ключевую роль в современной ветеринарной вакцинологии, определяя эффективность вакцин для сельскохозяйственных животных. В контексте растущего спроса на экономически оптимальные и безопасные иммунопрепараты, понимание молекулярных основ действия адъювантов становится критически важным. Данный обзор охватывает пять основных типов адъювантов – минеральные (гидроксид и фосфат алюминия), масляные эмульсии, растительные сапонины, бактериальные компоненты (CpG, MPLA) и наноструктурированные системы (липосомы, PLGA, инулин) – и описывает их действие через пять ключевых механизмов: (1) усиление гуморального ответа (выработка нейтрализующих антител); (2) активацию клеточного иммунитета (дифференцировка Th1, генерация цитотоксических T‐лимфоцитов); (3) формирование депо антигена (пролонгированная стимуляция); (4) активацию врождённого иммунитета (распознавание паттернов, воспаление); (5) торможение избыточного воспаления. Анализируется видовая зависимость эффективности адъювантов, связанная с различиями в рецепторах врождённого иммунитета между видами животных. Обсуждаются побочные эффекты традиционных адъювантов (гранулёмы, системное воспаление, снижение продуктивности) и стратегии их минимизации. Выявлены новые направления развития – синтетические иммуномодуляторы, биоразлагаемые наночастицы и логически обоснованные комбинированные системы, обеспечивающие оптимальный иммунный ответ без развития нежелательных реакций. Полученные знания применяются в разработке более эффективных, безопасных и экономичных вакцин для профилактики инфекционных заболеваний сельскохозяйственных животных.

Adjuvants play a pivotal role in contemporary veterinary vaccinology, determining the efficacy of vaccines for farm animals. Given the growing demand for economically optimal and safe immunological preparations, understanding the molecular basis of adjuvant action becomes critically important. This review encompasses five major types of adjuvants— mineral (aluminum hydroxide and phosphate), oil emulsions, plant‐derived saponins, bacterial components (CpG, MPLA), and nanostructured systems (liposomes, PLGA, inulin)—and describes their mechanisms of action through five key pathways: (1) enhancement of humoral response (production of neutralizing antibodies); (2) activation of cellular immunity (Th1 differentiation, generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes); (3) formation of antigen depot (prolonged stimulation); (4) activation of innate immunity (pattern recognition, inflammation); (5) suppression of excessive inflammation. The species‐dependent efficacy of adjuvants is analysed, attributable to differences in innate immunity receptors among animal species. Side effects of traditional adjuvants (granulomas, systemic inflammation, reduced productivity) and strategies for their minimization are discussed. Novel developmental directions were identified—synthetic immunomodulators, biodegradable nanoparticles and rationally designed combination systems that ensure optimal immune response without unwanted reactions. The knowledge obtained is being applied to the development of more effective, safe and economical vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases in farm animals.

Адъювантывакцинысельскохозяйственные животныеиммунный ответгуморальный иммунитетклеточный иммунитетнаночастицыбезопасностьAdjuvantsvaccinesfarm animalsimmune responsehumoral immunitycellular immunitynanoparticlessafetyРабота выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 25‐16‐20088) и Правительства Новосибирской области. Авторы благодарят Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации.The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 25‐16‐20088) and the Government of the Novosibirsk Region. The authors thank the Ministry of science and higher education of the Russian Federation.ReferencesХрипко О.П., Коновалов Д.И., Глущенко А.В., Алексеев А.Ю., Шестопалов М.А. Адъюванты для сельскохозяйственных животных: текущее состояние // Ветеринарный фармакологический вестник. 2025. Т. 33. N. 4. 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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.