ecodagЮг России: экология, развитиеSouth of Russia: ecology, development1992-10982413-0958State Institute of Applied Ecology of the Republic of Dagestan10.18470/1992-1098-2022-2-140-149ecodag-2494Research ArticleЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ТУРИЗМ И РЕКРЕАЦИЯECOLOGICAL TOURIZM AND RECREATIONЗагрязнение воздуха: Угроза развитию оздоровительного туризма в Исламской Республике Иран (на примере города Илам)Air pollution: A threat to health tourism development in the Islamic Republic of Iran (case study: Ilam city)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9043-697XХоссейниС. С.HosseiniS. S.

Сомайех С. Хоссейни, кандидат географических наук (туризм), Постдок (Оздоровительный туризм)

8174673441 Исфахан, площадь Азади

Тел. +989138711684

Somayeh S. Hosseini, PhD Geographical Sciences ‐ tourism, Postdoc (health tourism)

Azadi Square, Isfahan, 8174673441

Tel. +989138711684

sshosseini1361@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5486-5972ТагвайиМ.TaghvaeiM.

Масуд Тагвайи

Исфахан

Massoud Taghvaei

Isfahan

СейдайиЭ. С.SeidaiyE. S.

Эскандар С. Сейдайи

Исфахан

Eskandar S. Seidaiy

Isfahan

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6585-3395ГоламиЙ.GholamiY.

Йонес Голами

Кашан

Yones Gholami

Kashan

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7731-5594АтаевЗ. В.AtaevZ. V.

Загир В. Атаев

Махачкала

Нальчик

Zagir V. Ataev

Makhachkala

Nalchik

Исфаханский университетUniversity of IsfahanКашанский университетUniversity of KashanДагестанский государственный педагогический университет; Дагестанский федеральный исследовательский центр Российской академии наук; Кабардино‐Балкарский научный центр Российской академии наукDagestan State Pedagogical University; Dagestan Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences; Kabardino‐Balkar Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences202215072022172140149Copyright © Хоссейни С.С., Тагвайи М., Сейдайи Э.С., Голами Й., Атаев З.В., 20222022Хоссейни С.С., Тагвайи М., Сейдайи Э.С., Голами Й., Атаев З.В.Hosseini S.S., Taghvaei M., Seidaiy E.S., Gholami Y., Ataev Z.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ecodag.elpub.ru/ugro/article/view/2494Цель

Цель. Высокий потенциал провинции Илам в развитии оздоровительного туризма, ее географическое соседство с Ираком и возникновение недавней эпидемии обусловили возможные риски загрязнения природной среды.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Данные по пяти основным загрязнителям воздуха за 2008‐2018 гг. были собраны методом библиотечного исследования и путем обращения в соответствующие организации. Анализ данных проводился с помощью модели синтетического индикатора многоугольника перестановки, в то время как для отображения данных использовались программы Excel и MATLAB.

Результаты

Результаты. Результаты исследования показали, что, несмотря на Документ о планировании землепользования, среднее содержание взвешенных твердых частиц менее 10 микрон занимало второе место после диоксида серы (SO2), с точки зрения вклада в загрязнение воздуха и нестабильности в городе Илам в течение последних 11 рассматриваемых лет (исключая 2008 и 2009 гг.).

Выводы

Выводы. Связь между загрязнением воздуха и развитием оздоровительного туризма, с одной стороны, и возникновением эпидемии, с другой, выявила необходимость в новой концепции здравоохранения, туризма и благосостояния региона.  

Aim

Aim. Considering the high capability of Ilam province in the development of health tourism as indicated in its active border crossings with Iraq and the response to the recent epidemic, it was deemed necessary to identify the risks of air pollution on the health of tourists.

Materials and Methods

Materials and Methods. During 2008‐2018, data on five primary air pollutants during 2008‐2018 were identified by literature research and by referring to the relevant monitoring organizations. Data analysis was performed by the Full permutation polygon synthetic indicator model, while Excel and MATLAB software were used to display data.

Results

Results. The findings of the study revealed that despite the application of the Land Use Planning Document, average suspended particulate matter of less than 10 microns ranked second after sulphur dioxide (SO2), in terms of the contribution to air pollution and instability in Ilam City during the 11 years in question (excluding 2008 and 2009).

Conclusions

Conclusions. The link between air pollution and the development of health tourism on the one hand and the emergence of an epidemic on the other has recently necessitated a new concept of health, tourism and welfare in relation to the environment with the aim of achieving a healthy environment for visiting tourists.  

Загрязнение воздухаоздоровительный туризмметод СИМПAir pollutionhealth tourismFPPSI methodReferencesGlobal Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. URL: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44399/1/9789241599979_eng.pdf. (дата обращения: 26.09.2016)Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. URL: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44399/1/9789241599979_eng.pdf. (дата обращения: 26.09.2016)Rodrigues H., Brochado A., Troilo M., Mohsin A. Mirror, mirror on the wall, who’s the fairest of them all? A critical content analysis on medical tourism // Tour Manag Perspect. 2017. V. 24. P. 16-25.Rodrigues H., Brochado A., Troilo M., Mohsin A. Mirror, mirror on the wall, who’s the fairest of them all? A critical content analysis on medical tourism // Tour Manag Perspect. 2017. V. 24. P. 16-25.Manna R., Cavallone M., Ciasullo M.V., Palumbo R. Beyond the rhetoric of health tourism: shedding light on the reality of health tourism in Italy // Curr Issues Tourism. 2019. V. 23. Iss. 14. P. 1805- 1819. DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2019.1650726Manna R., Cavallone M., Ciasullo M.V., Palumbo R. Beyond the rhetoric of health tourism: shedding light on the reality of health tourism in Italy // Curr Issues Tourism. 2019. V. 23. Iss. 14. P. 1805- 1819. DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2019.1650726Heung V.C.S., Kucukusta D., Song H. Medical tourism development in Hong Kong: an assessment of the barriers // Tourism Manag. 2011. V. 32. P. 995-1005. DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.08.012Heung V.C.S., Kucukusta D., Song H. Medical tourism development in Hong Kong: an assessment of the barriers // Tourism Manag. 2011. V. 32. P. 995-1005. DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.08.012Connell J. Medical tourism: Sea, sun, sand and… surgery // Tourism management. 2006. V. 27(6). P. 1093-100.Connell J. Medical tourism: Sea, sun, sand and… surgery // Tourism management. 2006. V. 27(6). P. 1093-100.De la Hoz-Correa A., Muñoz-Leiva F., Bakucz M. Past themes and future trends in medical tourism research: a co-word analysis // Tourism Manage. 2018. V. 65. P. 200-211. DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.10.001De la Hoz-Correa A., Muñoz-Leiva F., Bakucz M. Past themes and future trends in medical tourism research: a co-word analysis // Tourism Manage. 2018. V. 65. P. 200-211. DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.10.001Eusébio C., João Carneiro M., Madaleno M., Robaina M., Rodrigues V., Russo M., Relvas H., Gama C., Lopes M., Seixas V., Borrego C., Monteiro A. The impact of air quality on tourism: a systematic literature review // Journal of Tourism Futures. 2021. V. 7. N 1. P. 111-130.Eusébio C., João Carneiro M., Madaleno M., Robaina M., Rodrigues V., Russo M., Relvas H., Gama C., Lopes M., Seixas V., Borrego C., Monteiro A. The impact of air quality on tourism: a systematic literature review // Journal of Tourism Futures. 2021. V. 7. N 1. P. 111-130.Becken S., Jin X., Zhang C., Gao J. Urban air pollution in China: destination image and risk perceptions // J. Sustain. Tour. 2017. V. 25. P. 130-147.Becken S., Jin X., Zhang C., Gao J. Urban air pollution in China: destination image and risk perceptions // J. Sustain. Tour. 2017. V. 25. P. 130-147.Xu X., Dong D., Wang Y., Wang Sh. The Impacts of Different Air Pollutants on Domestic and Inbound Tourism in China // International Journal of Environmental Researchand Public Health. 2019. V. 16 (24). Article number: 5127. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245127Xu X., Dong D., Wang Y., Wang Sh. The Impacts of Different Air Pollutants on Domestic and Inbound Tourism in China // International Journal of Environmental Researchand Public Health. 2019. V. 16 (24). Article number: 5127. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245127Qaderi F., Ebrahimi Ghadi M., Babanezhad E. Determining effect of meteorological parameters on tourism of metropolises based on presenting integrated spatial-temporal predicting model for air pollutants (case study: Tehran) // Journal of Tourism Planning and Development. 2019. V. 8 (29). P. 57-70. DOI: 10.22080/jtpd.2018.14042.2832Qaderi F., Ebrahimi Ghadi M., Babanezhad E. Determining effect of meteorological parameters on tourism of metropolises based on presenting integrated spatial-temporal predicting model for air pollutants (case study: Tehran) // Journal of Tourism Planning and Development. 2019. V. 8 (29). P. 57-70. DOI: 10.22080/jtpd.2018.14042.2832Special Report Global Warming of 1.5°C. URL: https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ (дата обращения: 13.05.2020)Special Report Global Warming of 1.5°C. URL: https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ (дата обращения: 13.05.2020)Brunekreef B., Holgate S.T. Air pollution and health // Lancet. 2002. V. 360. P. 1233-1242. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11274-8Brunekreef B., Holgate S.T. Air pollution and health // Lancet. 2002. V. 360. P. 1233-1242. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11274-8Landrigan P., Fuller R., Acosta N.J.R., Adeyi O., Arnold R., Basu N., Balde A.B., Bertollini R., Boufford J.I., Breysse P.N., et al. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health // Lancet. 2017. V. 391. P. 462-512. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32345-0Landrigan P., Fuller R., Acosta N.J.R., Adeyi O., Arnold R., Basu N., Balde A.B., Bertollini R., Boufford J.I., Breysse P.N., et al. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health // Lancet. 2017. V. 391. P. 462-512. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32345-0Burnett R., et al. Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018. V. 115(38). P. 9592-9597. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.180322211Burnett R., et al. Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018. V. 115(38). P. 9592-9597. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.180322211Snow S.J., Henriquez A.R., Costa D.L., Kodavanti U.P. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Air Pollution Health Effects: Emerging Insights // Toxicol Sci. 2018. V. 164 (1). P. 9-20. DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy129Snow S.J., Henriquez A.R., Costa D.L., Kodavanti U.P. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Air Pollution Health Effects: Emerging Insights // Toxicol Sci. 2018. V. 164 (1). P. 9-20. DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy129Xue-Dan Song, Se Wang, Ce Hao, Jie-Shan Qiu. Investigation of SO2 gas adsorption in metal–organic frameworks by molecular simulation // Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2014. V. 46. P. 277-281.Xue-Dan Song, Se Wang, Ce Hao, Jie-Shan Qiu. Investigation of SO2 gas adsorption in metal–organic frameworks by molecular simulation // Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2014. V. 46. P. 277-281.Zubietaa C.E., Fortunatob L.F., Belellia P.G., Ferullo R.M. Theoretical study of SO2 adsorption on goethite surface // Applied Surface Science. 2014. V. 314. P. 558-563.Zubietaa C.E., Fortunatob L.F., Belellia P.G., Ferullo R.M. Theoretical study of SO2 adsorption on goethite surface // Applied Surface Science. 2014. V. 314. P. 558-563.Lutgens F.K., Tarbuck E.J., Tasa D. The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology. Prentice Hall Publications. 2000. 484 p.Lutgens F.K., Tarbuck E.J., Tasa D. The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology. Prentice Hall Publications. 2000. 484 p.Wang Z., Chen L., Tao J., Zhang Y. and Su L. Satellite-based stimation of regional particulate matter (PM) in Beijing using vertical-and-RH correcting method // Remote Sensing of Environment. 2010. V. 114. P. 50-63.Wang Z., Chen L., Tao J., Zhang Y. and Su L. Satellite-based stimation of regional particulate matter (PM) in Beijing using vertical-and-RH correcting method // Remote Sensing of Environment. 2010. V. 114. P. 50-63.Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., Basagañ X., Dadvand P., Martine D., Cirach M., Beelen R., Jacquemin B. Air pollution and human fertility rates // Environment International. 2014. V. 70. P. 9-14.Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., Basagañ X., Dadvand P., Martine D., Cirach M., Beelen R., Jacquemin B. Air pollution and human fertility rates // Environment International. 2014. V. 70. P. 9-14.Land Use Studies & Planning for Ilam Province. A summation & conclusion of studies on current status. 2020.Land Use Studies & Planning for Ilam Province. A summation & conclusion of studies on current status. 2020.Statistical Center of Iran, 2016 National Population & Housing Census, Ilam City. 2017.Statistical Center of Iran, 2016 National Population & Housing Census, Ilam City. 2017.Management and Planning Organization of Ilam Province. The status of Ilam Province in the realization of land use orientations. 2017.Management and Planning Organization of Ilam Province. The status of Ilam Province in the realization of land use orientations. 2017.Statistical Yearbook of Ilam Province. Management and Planning Organization (MPO) of Ilam Province. 2020. V. 2.Statistical Yearbook of Ilam Province. Management and Planning Organization (MPO) of Ilam Province. 2020. V. 2.Environmental Protection Agency of Ilam Province. 2018.Environmental Protection Agency of Ilam Province. 2018.Li F., Liu X., Hu D., Wang R., Yang W., Li D., Zhao D. Measurement indicators and an evaluation approach for assessing urban sustainable development: A case study for China’s Jining City // Landscape and Urban Planning. 2009. V. 90. P. 134-142. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.10.022Li F., Liu X., Hu D., Wang R., Yang W., Li D., Zhao D. Measurement indicators and an evaluation approach for assessing urban sustainable development: A case study for China’s Jining City // Landscape and Urban Planning. 2009. V. 90. P. 134-142. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.10.022Seydaei S., Hosseini S., Yazdanbaks B. Evaluation of the Environmental Sustainability of Isfahan with an Emphasis on Air Pollution // Geography and Environmental Planning. 2018. V. 29(1). P. 113-126 (In Persian). DOI: 10.22108/gep.2018.97857.0Seydaei S., Hosseini S., Yazdanbaks B. Evaluation of the Environmental Sustainability of Isfahan with an Emphasis on Air Pollution // Geography and Environmental Planning. 2018. V. 29(1). P. 113-126 (In Persian). DOI: 10.22108/gep.2018.97857.0Hosseini S., Nader Khani Z., Yazdan Bakhsh B. Evaluation of the environmental sustainability of Ahwaz with an emphasis on air pollution (Using FPPSI method) // Journal of Natural Environment. 2017. V. 70 (2). P. 309-317. DOI: 10.22059/jne.2017.201026.1112Hosseini S., Nader Khani Z., Yazdan Bakhsh B. Evaluation of the environmental sustainability of Ahwaz with an emphasis on air pollution (Using FPPSI method) // Journal of Natural Environment. 2017. V. 70 (2). P. 309-317. DOI: 10.22059/jne.2017.201026.1112Dong D., Xu X., Wong Y.F. Estimating the Impact of Air Pollution on Inbound Tourism in China: An Analysis Based on Regression Discontinuity Design // Sustainability. 2019. V. 11. Article number: 1682. DOI: 10.3390/su11061682Dong D., Xu X., Wong Y.F. Estimating the Impact of Air Pollution on Inbound Tourism in China: An Analysis Based on Regression Discontinuity Design // Sustainability. 2019. V. 11. Article number: 1682. DOI: 10.3390/su11061682Wang L., Fang B., Law R. Effect of air quality in the place of origin on outbound tourism demand: Disposable income as a moderator // Tour. Manag. 2018. V. 68. P. 152-161.Wang L., Fang B., Law R. Effect of air quality in the place of origin on outbound tourism demand: Disposable income as a moderator // Tour. Manag. 2018. V. 68. P. 152-161.Xu B., Dong D. Evaluating the Impact of Air Pollution on China’s Inbound Tourism: A Gravity Model Approach // Sustainability. 2020. V. 12. Article number: 1456. DOI: 10.3390/su12041456Xu B., Dong D. Evaluating the Impact of Air Pollution on China’s Inbound Tourism: A Gravity Model Approach // Sustainability. 2020. V. 12. Article number: 1456. DOI: 10.3390/su12041456Woodby B., Arnold M.M., Valacchi G. SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection? // Ann NY Acad Sci. 2021. V. 1486(1). P. 15-38. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14512Woodby B., Arnold M.M., Valacchi G. SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection? // Ann NY Acad Sci. 2021. V. 1486(1). P. 15-38. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14512Sáenz-de-Miera O., Rosselló J. Tropospheric ozone, air pollution and tourism: a case study of Mallorca // Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2013. V. 21. Iss. 8. P. 1232-1243. DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2013.776061Sáenz-de-Miera O., Rosselló J. Tropospheric ozone, air pollution and tourism: a case study of Mallorca // Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2013. V. 21. Iss. 8. P. 1232-1243. DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2013.776061Sáenz-de-Miera Ó., Rosselló J. Modeling tourism impacts on air pollution: the case study of PM10 in Mallorca // Tourism Management. 2014. V. 40. P. 273-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.012Sáenz-de-Miera Ó., Rosselló J. Modeling tourism impacts on air pollution: the case study of PM10 in Mallorca // Tourism Management. 2014. V. 40. P. 273-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.012Azam M., Alam M.M., Hafeez M.H. Effect of Tourism on Environmental Pollution: Further Evidence from Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand // Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018. V. 190.P. 330-338.Azam M., Alam M.M., Hafeez M.H. Effect of Tourism on Environmental Pollution: Further Evidence from Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand // Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018. V. 190.P. 330-338.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.