ecodagЮг России: экология, развитиеSouth of Russia: ecology, development1992-10982413-0958State Institute of Applied Ecology of the Republic of Dagestan10.18470/1992-1098-2022-2-91-101ecodag-2489Research ArticleЭКОЛОГИЯ МИКРООРГАНИЗМОВПерспективные штаммы бактерий рода Bacillus в защите растений от возбудителей фузариоза и контаминации микотоксинамиPromising bacteria strains of the genus Bacillus in plant protection against fusariosis and mycotoxin contaminationhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-6139АллахвердянВ. В.AllakhverdyanV. V.

Валерия В. Аллахвердян, аспирант, младший научный сотрудник

350039 Краснодарский край, г. Краснодар, п/о 39

Тел. +79648950107

Valeriya V. Allakhverdyan, post‐graduate student, Junior Researcher

p/o 39 Krasnodar, Krasnodar Territory, 350039

Tel. +79648950107

lera_arm@mail.riuhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4281-5278СидороваТ. М.SidorovaT. M.

Татьяна М. Сидорова

Краснодар

Tatyana M. Sidorova

Krasnodar

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0060-1995АсатуроваА. М.AsaturovaA. M.

Анжела М. Асатурова

Краснодар

Anzhela M. Asaturova

Krasnodar

Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный научный центр биологической защиты растений»РоссияFederal Scientific Centre for Biological Plant ProtectionRussian Federation20221407202217291101Copyright © Аллахвердян В.В., Сидорова Т.М., Асатурова А.М., 20222022Аллахвердян В.В., Сидорова Т.М., Асатурова А.М.Allakhverdyan V.V., Sidorova T.M., Asaturova A.M.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ecodag.elpub.ru/ugro/article/view/2489

Цель – изучить биоконтрольные свойства штаммов B. velezensis BZR 336g и B. velezensis BZR 517 в отношении возбудителей фузариоза на примере гриба Fusarium graminearum и снижения накопления дезоксиниваленола (ДОН) и зеараленона (ЗЕН) in vitro.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Изучение токсиногенности штаммов грибов F. graminearum проводили на зерне риса и пшеницы, влияние бактерий штаммов B. velezensis BZR 336g и B. velezensis BZR 517 на рост гриба изучали на зерне пшеницы и методом двойных культур. Опыт по изучению влияния жидкой культуры и супернатанта бактерий проводили на зерне пшеницы, содержание ДОН и ЗЕН в зерне пшеницы анализировали методами ВЭЖХ и иммуноферментного анализа.

Результаты

Результаты. Обнаружена способность двух штаммов гриба F. graminearum продуцировать высокий уровень микотоксинов, при этом штамм F. graminearum 60318 имел большую скорость роста. Штаммы B. velezensis BZR 336g и B. velezensis BZR 517 продуцировали экзометаболиты липопептидной природы и ингибировали рост гриба штамма F. graminearum 60318. Жидкая культура и супернатант штаммов B. velezensis BZR 336g и B. velezensis BZR 517 в значительной степени подавляли содержание ДОН в зерне пшеницы in vitro, при этом содержание ЗЕН оставалось на уровне контроля.

Заключение

Заключение. Способность двух штаммов бактерий B. velezensis BZR 336g и B. velezensis BZR 517 подавлять рост гриба F. graminearum 60318, а также сдерживать накопление микотоксинов в зерне пшеницы in vitro позволяет утверждать, что увеличение содержания бактерий‐антагонистов В. velezensis BZR 336g и В. velezensis BZR 517 в микробиоте пшеницы может способствовать подавлению роста и вредоносности гриба F. graminearum 60318.

Aim – to study the biocontrol properties of B. velezensis BZR 336g and B. velezensis BZR 517 strains against Fusarium pathogens using the fungus Fusarium graminearum as an example and to reduce the accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in vitro.

Materials and Methods

Materials and Methods. A study of the toxinogenicity of F. graminearum fungal strains was undertaken on rice and wheat grains and the effect of B. velezensis BZR 336g and B. velezensis BZR 517 strains on the growth of the fungus was studied on wheat grains and by the double cultures method. An experiment to study the effect of a liquid culture and supernatant of bacteria was carried out on wheat grains and the content of DON and ZEN in wheat grains was analyzed by HPLC and enzyme immunoassay.

Results

Results. It was found that two strains of the fungus F. graminearum were able to produce a high level of mycotoxins, while the strain F. graminearum 60318 had a higher growth rate. The B. velezensis BZR 336g and B. velezensis BZR 517 strains produced lipopeptide exometabolites and inhibited the growth of the F. graminearum 60318 strain. in vitro, while the content of ZEN remained at the control level.

Conclusion

Conclusion. The ability of two strains of bacteria B. velezensis BZR 336g and B. velezensis BZR 517 to suppress the growth of the fungus F. graminearum 60318, as well as to inhibit the accumulation of mycotoxins in wheat grain in vitro, suggests that an increase in the content of antagonist bacteria B. velezensis BZR 336g and B. velezensis BZR 517 in the wheat microbiota can contribute to the suppression of the growth and harm of the fungus F. graminearum 60318.

Fusarium graminearumBacillus velezensisбиоконтрольжидкая культурасупернатантлипопептидымикотоксиныдезоксиниваленолзеараленонFusarium graminearumBacillus velezensisbiocontrolliquid culturesupernatantlipopeptidesmycotoxinsdeoxynivalenolzearalenone1.Исследования выполнены согласно Государственному заданию Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ в рамках НИР по теме № FGRN‐2022‐0005. 2. Авторы выражают благодарность за предоставленные штаммы F. graminearum 60318 и F. graminearum 59151 Ганнибал Ф. Б., к.б.н., зав. лаб. микологии и фитопатологии, директор ВИЗР и Гагкаевой Т. Ю., к.б.н., в.н.с. лаб. микологии и фитопатологии ВИЗР1. The research was carried out in accordance with the State task of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the framework of research on topic No. FGRN‐2022‐0005. 2. The authors are grateful for the strains provided of F. graminearum 60318 and F. graminearum 59151 by Dr F.B. Hannibal, Head, Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, Director, All‐Russian Institute of Plant Protection and Dr T. Yu. Gagkaeva, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology VIZRReferencesJanik E., Niemcewicz M., Ceremuga M., Stela M., Saluk-Bijak J., Siadkowski A., Bijak M. Molecular aspects of micotoxins – a serious problem for human health // International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020. V. 21(2). Article number: 8187 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218187Janik E., Niemcewicz M., Ceremuga M., Stela M., Saluk-Bijak J.,Siadkowski A., Bijak M. Molecular aspects of micotoxins – a serious problem for human health. Int. j. mol. sci., 2020, vol. 21, iss. 2, article number: 8187. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218187Sato I., Ito M., Ishizaka M., Ikunaga Y., Sato Y., Yoshida S., Koitabashi M., Tsushima S. Thirteen novel deoxynivalenol- degrading bacteria are classified within two genera with distinct degradation mechanisms // FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2012. V. 327(2). P. 110-117. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02461.xSato I., Ito M., Ishizaka M., Ikunaga Y., Sato Y., Yoshida S., Koitabashi M., Tsushima S. Thirteen novel deoxynivalenol- degrading bacteria are classified within two genera with distinct degradation mechanisms. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2012, vol. 327(2), pp. 110-117. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02461.xBakker M.G., Brown D.W., Kelly A.C., Kim H.S., Kurtzman C.P., Mccormick S.P., O’Donnell K.L., Proctor R.H., Vaughan M.M., Ward T.J. Fusarium mycotoxins: A trans-disciplinary overview // Can. J. Plant Path. 2018. V. 40(2). P. 161-171. DOI: 10.1080/07060661.2018.1433720Bakker M.G., Brown D.W., Kelly A.C., Kim H.S., Kurtzman C.P., Mccormick S.P., O’Donnell K.L., Proctor R.H., Vaughan M.M., Ward T.J. Fusarium mycotoxins: A trans-disciplinary overview. Can. J. Plant Path., 2018, vol. 40(2), pp. 161-171. DOI: 10.1080/07060661.2018.1433720Chtioui W., Balmas V., Delogu G., Migheli Q., Oufensou S. Bioprospecting phenols as inhibitors of trichothecene-producing Fusarium: sustainable approaches to the management of wheat pathogens // Toxins. 2022. V. 14. Iss. 2. Article number: 72 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020072Chtioui W., Balmas V., Delogu G., Migheli Q., Oufensou S. Bioprospecting phenols as inhibitors of trichothecene-producing Fusarium: sustainable approaches to the management of wheat pathogens. Toxins, 2022, vol. 14(2), article number: 72. DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020072Zhu Y., Hassan Y.I., Lepp D., Shao S., Zhou T. Strategies and methodologies for developing microbial detoxification systems to mitigate mycotoxins // Toxins (Basel). 2017. V. 9(4). Article number: 130. DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040130Zhu Y., Hassan Y.I., Lepp D., Shao S., Zhou T. Strategies and methodologies for developing microbial detoxification systems to mitigate mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel), 2017, vol. 9(4), article number: 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9040130Chen Y., Wang J., Yang N., Wen Z., Sun X., Chai Y., Ma Z. Wheat microbiome bacteria can reduce virulence of a plant pathogenic fungus by altering histone acetylation // Nature communications. 2018. V. 9(1). Article number: 3429. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05683-7Chen Y., Wang J., Yang N., Wen Z., Sun X., Chai Y., Ma Z. Wheat microbiome bacteria can reduce virulence of a plant pathogenic fungus by altering histone acetylation. Nature communications, 2018, vol. 9(1), article number: 3429. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018- 05683-7Zhou T., Gong J., Yu H., Li X.Z. Bacterial isolate and methods of detoxification of trichothecene mycotoxins. US Patent N 20100239537, 2010.Zhou T., Gong J., Yu H., Li X.Z. Bacterial isolate and methods of detoxification of trichothecene mycotoxins. US Patent no. 20100239537, 2010.Shen W., Liu Y., Zhan X., Zhan X., Rong X., Zhao L., Ji C., Lei Y., Li F., Chen J., Ma Q. Comparison of ameliorative effects between probiotic and biodegradable Bacillus subtilis on zearalenone toxicosis in gilts // Toxins. 2021. V. 13(12). Article number: 882 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120882Shen W., Liu Y., Zhan X., Zhan X., Rong X., Zhao L., Ji C., Lei Y., Li F., Chen J., Ma Q. Comparison of ameliorative effects between probiotic and biodegradable Bacillus subtilis on zearalenone toxicosis in gilts. Toxins, 2021, vol. 13(12), article number: 882. DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120882Jia R., Cao L., Liu W., Shen Z. Detoxification of deoxynivalenol by Bacillus subtilis ASAG 216 and characterization the degradation process // Eur Food Res Technol. 2021. V. 247. P. 67-76. DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03607-8Jia R., Cao L., Liu W., Shen Z. Detoxification of deoxynivalenol by Bacillus subtilis ASAG 216 and characterization the degradation process. Eur Food Res Technol, 2021, vol. 247, pp. 67-76. DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03607-8Lee T., Park D., Kim K., Lim S.M., Yu N.H., Kim S., Kim H.Y., Jang J.Y., Park J.C., Ham H., Lee S., Hong S.K., Kim J.C. Characterization of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DA12 showing potent antifungal activity against mycotoxigenic Fusarium species // Plant pathology. 2017. V. 33(5). P. 499-507. DOI: 10.5423/ppj.ft.06.2017.0126Lee T., Park D., Kim K., Lim S.M., Yu N.H., Kim S., Kim H.Y., Jang J.Y., Park J.C., Ham H., Lee S., Hong S.K., Kim J.C. Characterization of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DA12 showing potent antifungal activity against mycotoxigenic Fusarium species. Plant pathology, 2017, vol. 33(5), pp. 499-507. DOI: 10.5423/ppj.ft.06.2017.0126Zalila-Kolsi I., Ben A., Hacina M., Sameh A., Sellami S., Nasfi Z.,Tounsi S.,Jamoussi K. Antagonist effects of Bacillus spp. strains against Fusarium graminearum for protection of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum) // Microbiological research. 2016. V. 19. P. 148-158. DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.06.012Zalila-Kolsi I., Ben A., Hacina M., Sameh A., Sellami S., Nasfi Z.,Tounsi S.,Jamoussi K. Antagonist effects of Bacillus spp. strains against Fusarium graminearum for protection of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum). Microbiological research, 2016, vol. 192, pp. 148-158. DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.06.012Ji C., Fan Y., Zhao L. Review on biological degradation of mycotoxins // Animal nutrition. 2016. V. 2(3). P. 127-133. DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.07.003Ji C., Fan Y., Zhao L. Review on biological degradation of mycotoxins. Animal nutrition, 2016, vol. 2(3), pp. 127-133. DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.07.003Sidorova T.M., Asaturova A.M., Homyak A.I., Shternshis M.V., Tomashevich N.S. Optimization of laboratory cultivation conditions for the synthesis of antifungal metabolites by Bacillus subtilis strains // Saudi journal of biological sciences. 2020. V. 27. Iss. 7. P. 1879-1885. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.05.002Sidorova T.M., Asaturova A.M., Homyak A.I., Shternshis M.V., Tomashevich N.S. Optimization of laboratory cultivation conditions for the synthesis of antifungal metabolites by Bacillus subtilis strains. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 2020, vol. 27, iss. 7, pp. 1879-1885. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.05.002Сидорова Т.М., Асатурова А.М., Аллахвердян В.В. Особенности антагонизма бактерий рода Bacillus по отношению к токсиногенным грибам Fusarium при защите растений от болезни и контаминации микотоксинами (обзор) // Юг России: экология, развитие. 2021. Т. 16. N 4. С. 86-103. DOI: 10.18470/1992-1098-2021-4-86-103Sidorova T.M., Asaturova A.M., Allahverdyan V.V. Peculiarities of antagonism of bacteria of the genus Bacillus against toxinogenic fungi Fusarium in protecting plants from disease and contamination with mycotoxins (review). South of Russia: ecology, development, 2021, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 86-103. (In Russian) DOI: 10.18470/1992-1098-2021-4-86-103Cawoy H., Debois D., Franzil L., De Pauw E., Thonart P., Ongena M. Lipopeptides as main ingredients for inhibition of fungal phytopathogens by Bacillus subtilis/amyloliquefaciens // Microbial biotechnology. 2015. V. 8(2). P. 281-295. DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12238Cawoy H., Debois D., Franzil L., De Pauw E., Thonart P., Ongena M. Lipopeptides as main ingredients for inhibition of fungal phytopathogens by Bacillus subtilis/amyloliquefaciens. Microbial biotechnology, 2015, vol. 8(2), pp. 281-295. DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12238Zhu Y., Hassan Y.I., Lepp D., Shao S., Zhou T. Strategies and methodologies for developing microbial detoxification systems to mitigate mycotoxins// Toxins (Basel). 2017. V. 9(4). Article number: 130. DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040130Zhu Y., Hassan Y.I., Lepp D., Shao S., Zhou T. Strategies and methodologies for developing microbial detoxification systems to mitigate mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel), 2017, vol. 9(4), article number: 130. DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040130Сидорова Т.М., Асатурова А.М., Хомяк А.И., Томашевич Н.С. Выделение и характеристика антигрибных метаболитов штаммов Bacillus subtilis BZR 336g и Bacillus subtilis BZR 517 модифицированным методом биоавтографии // Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2019. N 54. C. 178-185. DOI: 10.15389/agrobiology.2019.1.178rusSidorova T.M., Asaturova A.M., Khomyak A.I., Tomashevich N.S. Isolation and characterization of antifungal metabolites of Bacillus subtilis BZR 336g and Bacillus subtilis BZR 517 strains by a modified bioautography method. Agricultural Biology, 2019, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 178-185. (In Russian) DOI: 10.15389/agrobiology.2019.1.178rusНетрусов Ф.И. Практикум по микробиологии. М.: Издательский центр «Академия», 2005. 608 с.Netrusov F.I. Praktikum po mikrobiologii [Praktikum po mikrobiologii]. Moscow, Akademiya Publ., 2005, 608 p. (In Russian)Shi K., Yang P., Li J., Wu H., Li K., Guan S. Biocontrol of Fusarium graminearum growth and deoxynivalenol production in wheat grains using bacterial antagonists // International journal of environmental research and public health. 2014. V. 11(1). P. 1094- 1105. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110101094Shi K., Yang P., Li J., Wu H., Li K., Guan S. Biocontrol of Fusarium graminearum growth and deoxynivalenol production in wheat grains using bacterial antagonists. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2014, vol. 11(1), pp. 1094-1105. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110101094Кононенко Г.П., Буркин А.А. Фузариотоксины в зерновых кормах // Ветеринарная патология. 2002. N 2. C. 129-132.Kononenko G.P., Burkin A.A. Fusariotoxins in grain feed. Veterinarnaya patologiya [Veterinary pathology]. 2002, no. 2, pp. 129-132. (In Russian)Кононенко Г.П., Пирязева Е.А., Буркин А.А. Влияние субстрата на биосинтез микотоксинов Fusarium graminearum Schw // Успехи медицинской микологии. 2017. N 17(6). C. 433- 437.Kononenko G.P., Piryazeva Ye.A., Burkin A.A. Substrate effect on mycotoxin biosynthesis Fusarium graminearum Schw. Uspekhi meditsinskoy mikologii [Advances in medical mycology]. 2017, no. 17(6), pp. 433-437 (In Russian)Palazzini J., Roncallo P., Cantoro R., Chiotta M., Yerkovich N., Palacios S., Echenique V., Torres A., Ramirez M., Kariovsky P., Chulze S. Biocontrol of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto, reduction of deoxynivalenol accumulation and phytohormone induction by two selected antagonists // Toxins. 2018. V. 10(2). Article number: 88. DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020088Palazzini J., Roncallo P., Cantoro R., Chiotta M., Yerkovich N., Palacios S., Echenique V., Torres A., Ramirez M., Kariovsky P., Chulze S. Biocontrol of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto, reduction of deoxynivalenol accumulation and phytohormone induction by two selected antagonists. Toxins, 2018, vol. 10(2), article number: 88. DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020088Taheur F.B., Kouidhi B., Qurashi Y.M., Salah-Abbès J.B., Chaieb K. Review: Biotechnology of mycotoxins detoxification using microorganisms and enzymes // Toxicon. 2019. V. 160. P. 12-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.001Taheur F.B., Kouidhi B., Qurashi Y.M., Salah-Abbès J.B., Chaieb K. Review: Biotechnology of mycotoxins detoxification using microorganisms and enzymes. Toxicon, 2019, vol. 160, pp. 12-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.001Сидорова Т.М., Асатурова А.М., Хомяк А.И. Биологически активные метаболиты Bacillus subtilis и их роль в контроле фитопатогенных микроорганизмов (обзор) // Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2018. N 53(1). C. 29-37. DOI: 10.15389/agrobiology.2018.1.29rusSidorova T.M., Asaturova A.M., Khomyak A.I. Biologically active metabolites of Bacillus subtilis and their role in the control of phytopathogenic microorganisms (review). Agricultural Biology, 2018, no. 53(1), pp. 29-37. DOI: 10.15389/agrobiology.2018.1.29rusCao Y., Pi H., Chandrangsu P., Li Y., Wang Y., Zhou H., Xiong H., Helmann J. D., Cai, Y. Antagonism of two plant-growth promoting Bacillus velezensis isolates against Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum // Scientific reports. 2018. V. 8(1). Article number: 4360. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22782-zCao Y., Pi H., Chandrangsu P., Li Y., Wang Y., Zhou H., Xiong H., Helmann J.D., Cai Y. Antagonism of two plant-growth promoting Bacillus velezensis isolates against Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum. Scientific reports, 2018, vol. 8(1), article number: 4360. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22782-zHanif A., Zhang F., Li P., Li C., Xu Y., Zubair M., Zhang M., Jia D., Zhao X., Liang J., Majid T., Yan J., Farzand A., Wu H., Gu Q., Gao X. Fengycin produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 inhibits Fusarium graminearum growth and mycotoxins biosynthesis // Toxins. 2019. V. 11(5). Article number: 295. DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050295Hanif A., Zhang F., Li P., Li C., Xu Y., Zubair M., Zhang M., Jia D., Zhao X., Liang J., Majid T., Yan J., Farzand A., Wu H., Gu Q., Gao X. Fengycin produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 inhibits Fusarium graminearum growth and mycotoxins biosynthesis. Toxins, 2019, vol. 11(5), article number: 295. DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050295Yu C., Liu X., Zhang X., Zhang M., Gu Y., Ali Q., Mohamed M.S.R., Xu J., Shi J., Gao X., Wu H., Gu Q. Mycosubtilin produced by Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633 inhibits growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides // Toxins. 2021. V. 13(11). Article number: 791. DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110791Yu C., Liu X., Zhang X., Zhang M., Gu Y., Ali Q., Mohamed M.S.R., Xu J., Shi J., Gao X., Wu H., Gu Q. Mycosubtilin produced by Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633 inhibits growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides. Toxins, 2021, vol. 13(11), article number: 791. DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110791Khan N., Maymon M., Hirsch A.M. Combating Fusarium infection using Bacillus-based antimicrobials // Microorganisms. 2017. V. 5(4). Article number: 75. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5040075Khan N., Maymon M., Hirsch A.M. Combating Fusarium infection using Bacillus-based antimicrobials. Microorganisms, 2017, vol. 5(4), article number: 75. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5040075Lee T.,Dami Park D., Kim K., Lim S.M., Yu N.H., Kim S., Kim H.-Y., Kyu Seok Jung1, Jang J.Y., Park J.-C., Ham H., Lee S., Hong S.K., J.-C. Characterization of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DA12 showing potent antifungal activity against mycotoxigenic Fusarium species // Plant pathology. 2017. V. 33(5). P. 499-507. DOI: 10.5423/PPJ.FT.06.2017.0126Lee T.,Dami Park D., Kim K., Lim S.M., Yu N.H., Kim S., Kim H.-Y., Kyu Seok Jung1, Jang J.Y., Park J.-C., Ham H., Lee S., Hong S.K., J.-C. Characterization of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DA12 showing potent antifungal activity against mycotoxigenic Fusarium species. Plant pathology, 2017, vol. 33(5), pp. 499-507. DOI: 10.5423/PPJ.FT.06.2017.0126Vanhoutte I., De Mets L., De Boevre M., Uka V., Di Mavungu J.D., De Saeger S., De Gelder L., Audenaert K. Microbial detoxification of deoxynivalenol (DON), assessed via a Lemna minor L. bioassay, through biotransformation to 3-epi-DON and 3-epi-DOM-1 // Toxins. 2017. V. 9(2). Article number: 63. DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020063Vanhoutte I., De Mets L., De Boevre M., Uka V., Di Mavungu J.D., De Saeger S., De Gelder L., Audenaert K. Microbial detoxification of deoxynivalenol (DON), assessed via a Lemna minor L. bioassay, through biotransformation to 3-epi-DON and 3- epi-DOM-1. Toxins, 2017, vol. 9(2), article number: 63. DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020063

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.