ecodagЮг России: экология, развитиеSouth of Russia: ecology, development1992-10982413-0958State Institute of Applied Ecology of the Republic of Dagestan10.18470/1992-1098-2020-2-17-34ecodag-1966Research ArticleЭКОЛОГИЯ ЖИВОТНЫХECOLOGY OF ANIMALSБиоразнообразие и эпидемический потенциал коронавирусов (Nidovirales: Coronaviridae) рукокрылыхBiodiversity and epidemic potential of Chiropteran coronaviruses (Nidovirales: Coronaviridae)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9734-0620ШестопаловА. М.ShestopalovA. M.

Александр М. Шестопалов, доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующий отделом экспериментального моделирования и патогенеза инфекционных заболеваний, руководитель Евразийского центра зоонозных инфекций

630060, г. Новосибирск, ул. Тимакова, 2.Тел. +79059326476

Alexander M. Shestopalov, Doctor of Sciences in Biology, Professor, Head of the Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Head of the Eurasian Center for Zoonotic Infections

2 Timakova St., Novosibirsk, 630060Tel. +79059326476 

shestopalov2@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3677-3668КононоваЮ. В.KononovaYu. V.

Юлия В. Кононова

Новосибирск

Yulia V. Kononova

Novosibirsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7359-1951ГаджиевА. А.GadzhievA. A.

Алимурад А. Гаджиев

Махачкала

Alimurad A. Gadzhiev

Makhachkala

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3945-5339ГуляеваМ. А.GulyaevaM. A.

Марина А. Гуляева

Новосибирск

Marina A. Gulyaeva

Novosibirsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4684-6218МарандиМехди ВасфиVasfiMarandi Mehdi

Тегеран

Tehran

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0015-9305АлексеевА. Ю.AlekseevA. Yu.

Александр Ю. Алексеев

Новосибирск

Alexander Yu. Alekseev

Novosibirsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9617-2717ДжамалутдиновД. М.JamalutdinovJ. M.

Джалалутдин М. Джамалутдинов

Махачкала

Jalalutdin M. Jamalutdinov

Makhachkala

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8610-7623ЩелкановМ. Ю.ShchelkanovM. Yu.

Михаил Ю. Щелканов

Владивосток

Mikhail Yu. Shchelkanov

Vladivostok

Федеральный исследовательский центр фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины СО РАН; Дагестанский государственный университетFederal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Dagestan State UniversityФедеральный исследовательский центр фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины СО РАНFederal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of SciencesДагестанский государственный университетDagestan State UniversityНовосибирский государственный университетNovosibirsk State UniversityТегеранский университетTehran UniversityФедеральный исследовательский центр фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины СО РАН; Новосибирский государственный университетFederal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State UniversityФедеральный научный Центр биоразнообразия наземной биоты Восточной Азии ДВО РАН; Национальный научный Центр морской биологии ДВО РАН; Дальневосточный федеральный университетFederal Scientific Center of the Eastern Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Far Eastern Federal University20200808202015217‐34Copyright © Шестопалов А.М., Кононова Ю.В., Гаджиев А.А., Гуляева М.А., Маранди М.M., Алексеев А.Ю., Джамалутдинов Д.М., Щелканов М.Ю., 20202020Шестопалов А.М., Кононова Ю.В., Гаджиев А.А., Гуляева М.А., Маранди М., Алексеев А.Ю., Джамалутдинов Д.М., Щелканов М.Ю.Shestopalov A.M., Kononova Y.V., Gadzhiev A.A., Gulyaeva M.A., Vasfi M.M., Alekseev A.Y., Jamalutdinov J.M., Shchelkanov M.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ecodag.elpub.ru/ugro/article/view/1966

Цель. Целью настоящего обзора является комплексный анализ современных литературных данных о коронавирусах, идентифицированных у рукокрылых.Обсуждение. Коронавирусы (Coronaviridae) – самое обширное семейство вирусов порядка Nidovirales. Коронавирусы имеют широкий круг хозяев, включающий млекопитающих (Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus) и птиц (Deltacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus), земноводных (Alphaletovirus), и являются возбудителями респираторных, кишечных, кардиоваскулярных и неврологических заболеваний. Вплоть до начала нынешнего века, среди патогенных для человека коронавирусов были известны лишь этиологических агенты легких и среднетяжелых респираторных заболеваний. В XXI веке были открыты новые высокопатогенные коронавирусы, ставшие причиной вспышек тяжелых пневмоний с высокой летальностью: коронавирус тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома (Severe acute respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus, SARS‐CoV; 2002‐2003 гг., южные провинции Китая), коронавирус Ближневосточного респираторного синдрома (Middle East respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus, MERS‐CoV; 2012 г., западная часть Саудовской Аравии) и коронавирус тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома 2‐го типа (Severe acute respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus 2, SARS‐CoV‐2; 2019‐... гг., восточная часть центрального Китая). Природными резервуарами SARS‐CoV, SARS‐CoV‐2 и MERS‐CoV являются рукокрылые (Chiroptera). Коронавирусы, циркулирующие в популяциях рукокрылых, не только филогенетически близки к известным на сегодняшний день особо опасным вирусам человека, но, возможно, обладают эпидемическим потенциалом, способным реализоваться в будущем.Заключение. В настоящем обзоре представлены современные данные по коронавирусам рукокрылых: таксономический статус, спектр потенциальных хозяев, распространение. Особенности экологии коронавирусов рукокрылых рассматриваются в контексте их эпидемиологической значимости.Обсуждается происхождение патогенных для человека коронавирусов.

Aim. The aim of this review is a comprehensive analysis of current literature data on coronaviruses identified in bats.Discussion. Coronaviruses (Coronaviridae) constitute the most extensive family of viruses of the order Nidovirales. Coronaviruses have a wide range of hosts, including mammals (Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus) and birds (Deltacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus), amphibians (Alphaletovirus) and are pathogens of respiratory, intestinal, cardiovascular. Until the beginning of this century, only etiological agents of mild and moderate respiratory diseases were known among pathogenic coronaviruses for humans. In the 21st century, new highly pathogenic coronaviruses were discovered that caused outbreaks of severe pneumonia with high mortality: the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (Severe acute respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus, SARS‐CoV; 2002‐2003, southern provinces of China), the Middle East respiratory coronavirus Syndrome (Middle East respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus, MERS‐CoV; 2012, western part of Saudi Arabia) and type 2 acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (Severe acute respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus 2, SARS‐CoV‐2; 2019 ‐..., the eastern part of central China). The natural reservoirs of SARS‐CoV, SARS‐CoV‐2 and MERS‐CoV are bats (Chiroptera). Coronaviruses circulating in bat populations are not only phylogenetically close to the currently known especially dangerous human viruses but probably have epidemic potential that can be realized in the future.Conclusion. This review presents current data on coronaviruses of bats: taxonomic status, spectrum of potential hosts, distribution. The ecological features of coronaviruses of bats are considered in the context of their epidemiological significance. The origin of pathogenic human coronaviruses is discussed.

Коронавирусырукокрылыекоронавирус тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома 2 типа (SARS‐CoV‐2)коронавирусная инфекция 2019 (COVID‐19)коронавирус ближневосточного респираторного синдрома (MERS‐CoV)Coronavirusesbatssever acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV)1. Работа выполнена при поддержке грантов РФФИ 2004‐60010 «Изучение разнообразия, циркуляции и патогенного потенциала коронавирусов в природных резервуарах на территории Западной и Восточной Сибири» и 20‐04‐60212 «Комплексный экологовирусологический мониторинг коронавирусов в экосистемах Дальнего Востока». 2. Работа выполнена при поддержке Гранта Президента РФ МК‐6831.2018.4 (075‐02‐2018‐1022).1. This work was supported by the RFBR grants 20‐0460010 "The study of the diversity, circulation and pathogenic potential of coronaviruses in natural reservoirs in Western and Eastern Siberia" and 20‐04‐60212 "Integrated ecological and virological monitoring of coronaviruses in the ecosystems of the Far East". 2. The work was supported by the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation MK‐6831.2018.4 (075‐02‐20181022).ReferencesVirus Taxonomy: 2019 Release. EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019. URL: https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ (дата обращения 16.06.2020)Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release. EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019. Available at: https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ (accessed 16.06.2020)Masters P.S. The molecular biology of coronaviruses // Adv Virus Res. 2006. V. 66. P. 193-292. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3527(06)66005-3Masters P.S. The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Adv Virus Res., 2006, vol. 66, pp. 193-292. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3527(06)66005-3Liu D.X., Fung T.S., Chong K.K., Shukla A., Hilgenfeld R. Accessory proteins of SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses // Antiviral Res. 2014. V. 109. P. 97-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.013Liu D.X., Fung T.S., Chong K.K., Shukla A., Hilgenfeld R. Accessory proteins of SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses. Antiviral Res., 2014, vol. 109, pp. 97-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.013Huang C., Liu W.J., Xu W., Jin T., Zhao Y., Song J., Shi Y., Ji W., Jia H., Zhou Y., Wen H., Zhao H., Liu H., Li H., Wang Q., Wu Y., Wang L., Liu D., Liu G., Yu H., Holmes E.C., Lu L., Gao G.F. A Bat-Derived Putative Cross-Family Recombinant Coronavirus with a Reovirus Gene // PLoS Pathog. 2016. V. 12. N 9:e1005883. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005883Huang C., Liu W.J., Xu W., Jin T., Zhao Y., Song J., Shi Y., Ji W., Jia H., Zhou Y., Wen H., Zhao H., Liu H., Li H., Wang Q., Wu Y., Wang L., Liu D., Liu G., Yu H., Holmes E.C., Lu L., Gao G.F. A Bat-Derived Putative Cross-Family Recombinant Coronavirus with a Reovirus Gene. PLoS Pathog, 2016, vol. 12, no. 9: e1005883. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005883de Haan C.A., Haijema B.J., Masters P.S., Rottier P.J. Manipulation of the coronavirus genome using targeted RNA recombination with interspecies chimeric coronaviruses // Methods Mol Biol. 2008. V. 454. P. 229-236. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-181-9_17de Haan C.A., Haijema B.J., Masters P.S., Rottier P.J. Manipulation of the coronavirus genome using targeted RNA recombination with interspecies chimeric coronaviruses. Methods Mol Biol., 2008, vol. 454, pp. 229-236. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-181-9_17Wong A.C.P., Li X., Lau S.K.P., Woo P.C.Y. Global Epidemiology of Bat Coronaviruses // Viruses. 2019. V. 11. N 2. pii: E174. DOI: 10.3390/v11020174Wong A.C.P., Li X., Lau S.K.P., Woo P.C.Y. Global Epidemiology of Bat Coronaviruses. Viruses, 2019, vol. 11, no. 2, pii: E174. DOI: 10.3390/v11020174Taxonomy Browser. Coronaviridae. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=11118 (дата обращения 16.06.2020)Taxonomy Browser. Coronaviridae. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=11118 (accessed 16.06.2020)Cui J., Li F., Shi Z. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses // Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019. V. 17. N 3. P. 181-192. DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9Cui J., Li F., Shi Z. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol., 2019, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 181-192. DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9Wu Z., Yang L., Ren X., He G., Zhang J., Yang J., Qian Z., Dong J., Sun L., Zhu Y., Du J., Yang F., Zhang S., Jin Q. Deciphering the bat virome catalog to better understand the ecological diversity of bat viruses and the bat origin of emerging infectious diseases // ISME J. 2016. V. 10. N 3. P. 609-620. DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.138Wu Z., Yang L., Ren X., He G., Zhang J., Yang J., Qian Z., Dong J., Sun L., Zhu Y., Du J., Yang F., Zhang S., Jin Q. Deciphering the bat virome catalog to better understand the ecological diversity of bat viruses and the bat origin of emerging infectious diseases. ISME J., 2016, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 609-620. DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.138Banerjee A., Kulcsar K., Misra V., Frieman M., Mossman K. Bats and Coronaviruses // Viruses. 2019. V. 11. N 1. pii: E41. DOI: 10.3390/v11010041Banerjee A., Kulcsar K., Misra V., Frieman M., Mossman K. Bats and Coronaviruses. Viruses, 2019, vol. 11, no. 1, pii: E41. DOI: 10.3390/v11010041Щелканов М.Ю., Колобухина Л.В., Львов Д.К. Коронавирусы человека (Nidovirales, Coronaviridae): возросший уровень эпидемической опасности // Лечащий врач. 2013. N. 10. С. 49-54. URL: www.lvrach.ru/2013/10/15435832/ (дата обращения 15.04.2020)Shchelkanov M.Yu., Kolobukhina L.V., Lvov D.K. [Human coronaviruses (Nidovirales, Coronaviridae): increased level of epidemic threat]. Lechashchii vrach, 2013, vol. 10, pp. 49-54. (In Russian) Available at: www.lvrach.ru/2013/10/15435832/ (accessed 15.04.2020)Zhou P., Yang X.L., Wang X.G., Hu B., Zhang L., Zhang W., Si H.R., Zhu Y., Li B., Huang C.L., Chen H.D., Chen J., Luo Y., Guo H., Jiang R.D., Liu M.Q., Chen Y., Shen X.R., Wang X., Zheng X.S., Zhao K., Chen Q.J., Deng F., Liu L.L., Yan B., Zhan F.X., Wang Y.Y., Xiao G.F., Shi Z.L. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin // Nature. 2020. V. 579. N 7798. P. 270-273. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7Zhou P., Yang X.L., Wang X.G., Hu B., Zhang L., Zhang W., Si H.R., Zhu Y., Li B., Huang C.L., Chen H.D., Chen J., Luo Y., Guo H., Jiang R.D., Liu M.Q., Chen Y., Shen X.R., Wang X., Zheng X.S., Zhao K., Chen Q.J., Deng F., Liu L.L., Yan B., Zhan F.X., Wang Y.Y., Xiao G.F., Shi Z.L. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 2020, vol. 579, no. 7798, pp. 270-273. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7World Health Organization. MERS situation update, January 2020. URL: http://www.emro.who.int/healthtopics/mers-cov/mers-outbreaks.html (дата обращения 16.06.2020)World Health Organization. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003 (based on data as of the 31 December 2003). Available at: https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/ (accessed 16.06.2020)World Health Organization. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003 (based on data as of the 31 December 2003). URL: https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/ (дата обращения 16.06.2020)World Health Organization. MERS situation update, January 2020. Available at: http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/mers-cov/mersoutbreaks.html (accessed 16.06.2020)World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Report – 169 URL: https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200707-covid19-sitrep-169.pdf?sfvrsn=c6c69c88_2 (дата обращения 08.07.2020)World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Report – 169 URL: https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200707-covid19-sitrep-169.pdf?sfvrsn=c6c69c88_2 (accessed 08.07.2020)Chen L., Liu B., Yang J., Jin Q. DBatVir: The database of bat-associated viruses // Database (Oxford). 2014. V. 2014: bau021. DOI: 10.1093/database/bau021Chen L., Liu B., Yang J., Jin Q. DBatVir: The database of bat-associated viruses. Database (Oxford), 2014, vol. 2014, bau021. DOI: 10.1093/database/bau021Leopardi S., Holmes E.C., Gastaldelli M., Tassoni L., Priori P., Scaravelli D., Zamperin G., De Benedictis P. Interplay between co-divergence and cross-species transmission in the evolutionary history of bat coronaviruses // Infect Genet Evol. 2018. V. 58. P. 279-289. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.012Leopardi S., Holmes E.C., Gastaldelli M., Tassoni L., Priori P., Scaravelli D., Zamperin G., De Benedictis P. Interplay between co-divergence and cross-species transmission in the evolutionary history of bat coronaviruses. Infect Genet Evol., 2018, vol. 58, pp. 279-289. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.012Li W., Shi Z., Yu M., Ren W., Smith C., Epstein J.H., Wang H., Crameri G., Hu Z., Zhang H., Zhang J., McEachern J., Field H., Daszak P., Eaton B.T., Zhang S., Wang L.F. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses // Science. 2005. V. 310. Iss. 5748. P. 676-679. DOI: 10.1126/science.1118391Li W., Shi Z., Yu M., Ren W., Smith C., Epstein J.H., Wang H., Crameri G., Hu Z., Zhang H., Zhang J., McEachern J., Field H., Daszak P., Eaton B.T., Zhang S., Wang L.F. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science, 2005, vol. 310, iss. 5748, pp. 676-679. DOI: 10.1126/science.1118391Yu P., Hu B., Shi Z.L., Cui J. Geographical structure of bat SARS-related coronaviruses // Infect Genet Evol. 2019. V. 69. P. 224-229. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.001Yu P., Hu B., Shi Z.L., Cui J. Geographical structure of bat SARS-related coronaviruses. Infect Genet Evol., 2019, vol. 69, pp. 224-229. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.001Zaki A.M., van Boheemen S., Bestebroer T.M., Osterhaus A.D., Fouchier R.A. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia // N Engl J Med. 2012. V. 367. N 19. P. 1814-1820. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1211721Zaki A.M., van Boheemen S., Bestebroer T.M., Osterhaus A.D., Fouchier R.A. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med., 2012, vol. 367, no. 19, pp. 1814-1820. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1211721Woo P.C., Lau S.K., Li K.S., Tsang A.K., Yuen K.Y. Genetic relatedness of the novel human group C betacoronavirus to Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 and Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 // Emerg Microbes Infect. 2012. V. 1. Iss. 1. P. 1-5. DOI: 10.1038/emi.2012.45Woo P.C., Lau S.K., Li K.S., Tsang A.K., Yuen K.Y. Genetic relatedness of the novel human group C betacoronavirus to Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 and Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5. Emerg Microbes Infect., 2012, vol. 1, iss. 1, pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1038/emi.2012.45Subudhi S., Rapin N., Bollinger T.K., Hill J.E., Donaldson M.E., Davy C.M., Warnecke L., Turner J.M., Kyle C.J., Willis C.K.R., Misra V. A persistently infecting coronavirus in hibernating Myotis lucifugus, the North American little brown bat // J Gen Virol. 2017. V. 98. Iss. 9. P. 2297-2309. DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000898Subudhi S., Rapin N., Bollinger T.K., Hill J.E., Donaldson M.E., Davy C.M., Warnecke L., Turner J.M., Kyle C.J., Willis C.K.R., Misra V. A persistently infecting coronavirus in hibernating Myotis lucifugus, the North American little brown bat. J Gen Virol., 2017, vol. 98, iss. 9, pp. 2297-2309. DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000898Lau S.K., Li K.S., Tsang A.K., Shek C.T., Wang M., Choi G.K., Guo R., Wong B.H., Poon R.W., Lam C.S., Wang S.Y., Fan R.Y., Chan K.H., Zheng B.J., Woo P.C., Yuen K.Y. Recent transmission of a novel alphacoronavirus, bat coronavirus HKU10, from Leschenault's rousettes to pomona leafnosed bats: first evidence of interspecies transmission of coronavirus between bats of different suborders // J Virol. 2012. V. 86. N 21. P. 11906-11918. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01305-12Lau S.K., Li K.S., Tsang A.K., Shek C.T., Wang M., Choi G.K., Guo R., Wong B.H., Poon R.W., Lam C.S., Wang S.Y., Fan R.Y., Chan K.H., Zheng B.J., Woo P.C., Yuen K.Y. Recent transmission of a novel alphacoronavirus, bat coronavirus HKU10, from Leschenault's rousettes to pomona leafnosed bats: first evidence of interspecies transmission of coronavirus between bats of different suborders. J Virol., 2012, vol. 86, iss. 21, pp. 11906-11918. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01305-12Chu D.K.W., Peiris J.S.M., Chen H., Guan Y., Poon L.L.M. Genomic characterizations of bat coronaviruses (1A, 1B and HKU8) and evidence for co-infections in Miniopterus bats // J Gen Virol. 2008. V. 89. Iss. 5. P. 1282-1287. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83605-0Chu D.K.W., Peiris J.S.M., Chen H., Guan Y., Poon L.L.M. Genomic characterizations of bat coronaviruses (1A, 1B and HKU8) and evidence for co-infections in Miniopterus bats. J Gen Virol., 2008, vol. 89, iss. 5, pp. 1282-1287. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83605-0Wacharapluesadee S., Duengkae P., Chaiyes A., Kaewpom T., Rodpan A., Yingsakmongkon S., Petcharat S., Phengsakul P., Maneeorn P., Hemachudha T. Longitudinal study of age-specific pattern of coronavirus infection in Lyle's flying fox (Pteropus lylei) in Thailand // Virol J. 2018. V. 15. N 1. P. 38. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0950-6Wacharapluesadee S., Duengkae P., Chaiyes A., Kaewpom T., Rodpan A., Yingsakmongkon S., Petcharat S., Phengsakul P., Maneeorn P., Hemachudha T. Longitudinal study of age-specific pattern of coronavirus infection in Lyle's flying fox (Pteropus lylei) in Thailand. Virol J., 2018, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 38. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0950-6Davy C.M., Donaldson M.E., Subudhi S., Rapin N., Warnecke L., Turner J.M., Bollinger T.K., Kyle C.J., Dorville N.A.S., Kunkel E.L., Norquay K.J.O., Dzal Y.A., Willis C.K.R., Misra V. White-nose syndrome is associated with increased replication of a naturally persisting coronaviruses in bats // Sci Rep. 2018. V. 8. N 1. P. 15508. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33975-xDavy C.M., Donaldson M.E., Subudhi S., Rapin N., Warnecke L., Turner J.M., Bollinger T.K., Kyle C.J., Dorville N.A.S., Kunkel E.L., Norquay K.J.O., Dzal Y.A., Willis C.K.R., Misra V. White-nose syndrome is associated with increased replication of a naturally persisting coronaviruses in bats. Sci Rep., 2018, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 15508. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33975-xDrexler J.F., Corman V.M., Wegner T., Tateno A.F., Zerbinati R.M., Gloza-Rausch F., Seebens A., Müller M.A., Drosten C. Amplification of emerging viruses in a bat colony // Emerg Infect Dis. 2011. V. 17. N 3. P. 449-456. DOI: 10.3201/eid1703.100526Drexler J.F., Corman V.M., Wegner T., Tateno A.F., Zerbinati R.M., Gloza-Rausch F., Seebens A., Müller M.A., Drosten C. Amplification of emerging viruses in a bat colony. Emerg Infect Dis., 2011, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 449-456. DOI: 10.3201/eid1703.100526Watanabe S., Masangkay J.S., Nagata N., Morikawa S., Mizutani T., Fukushi S., Alviola P., Omatsu T., Ueda N., Iha K., Taniguchi S., Fujii H., Tsuda S., Endoh M., Kato K., Tohya Y., Kyuwa S., Yoshikawa Y., Akashi H. Bat coronaviruses and experimental infection of bats, the Philippines // Emerg Infect Dis. 2010. V. 16. N 8. P. 1217-1223. DOI: 10.3201/eid1608.100208Watanabe S., Masangkay J.S., Nagata N., Morikawa S., Mizutani T., Fukushi S., Alviola P., Omatsu T., Ueda N., Iha K., Taniguchi S., Fujii H., Tsuda S., Endoh M., Kato K., Tohya Y., Kyuwa S., Yoshikawa Y., Akashi H. Bat coronaviruses and experimental infection of bats, the Philippines. Emerg Infect Dis., 2010, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 1217-1223. DOI: 10.3201/eid1608.100208Yang X.L., Hu B., Wang B., Wang M.N., Zhang Q., Zhang W., Wu L.J., Ge X.Y., Zhang Y.Z., Daszak P., Wang L.F., Shi Z.L. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct Progenitor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus // J Virol. 2015. V. 90. N 6. P. 3253-3256. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02582-15Yang X.L., Hu B., Wang B., Wang M.N., Zhang Q., Zhang W., Wu L.J., Ge X.Y., Zhang Y.Z., Daszak P., Wang L.F., Shi Z.L. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct Progenitor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. J Virol., 2015, vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 3253-3256. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02582-15Van Doremalen N., Schäfer A., Menachery V.D., Letko M., Bushmaker T., Fischer R.J., Figueroa D.M., Hanley P.W., Saturday G., Baric R.S., Munster V.J. SARS-Like Coronavirus WIV1-CoV Does Not Replicate in Egyptian Fruit Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) // Viruses. 2018. V. 10. N 12. 727 p. DOI: 10.3390/v10120727Van Doremalen N., Schäfer A., Menachery V.D., Letko M., Bushmaker T., Fischer R.J., Figueroa D.M., Hanley P.W., Saturday G., Baric R.S., Munster V.J. SARS-Like Coronavirus WIV1-CoV Does Not Replicate in Egyptian Fruit Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Viruses, 2018, vol. 10, no. 12, 727 p. DOI: 10.3390/v10120727Drexler J.F., Gloza-Rausch F., Glende J., Corman M., Pfefferle S., Yordanov S., Zhelyazkov L., Hermanns U., Vallo P., Lukashev A., Müller M.A., Deng H., Herrler G., Drosten C. Genomic characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus in European bats and classification of coronaviruses based on partial RNAdependent RNA polymerase gene sequences // J Virol. 2010. V. 84. N 21. P. 11336-11349. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00650-10Drexler J.F., Gloza-Rausch F., Glende J., Corman M., Pfefferle S., Yordanov S., Zhelyazkov L., Hermanns U., Vallo P., Lukashev A., Müller M.A., Deng H., Herrler G., Drosten C. Genomic characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus in European bats and classification of coronaviruses based on partial RNAdependent RNA polymerase gene sequences. J Virol., 2010, vol. 84, no. 21, pp. 11336-11349. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.0065010Pan Y., Tian X., Qin P., Wang B., Zhao P., Yang Y.L., Wang L., Wang D., Song Y., Zhang X., Huang Y.W. Discovery of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV) in southern China // Vet Microbiol. 2017. V. 211. P. 15-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.020Pan Y., Tian X., Qin P., Wang B., Zhao P., Yang Y.L., Wang L., Wang D., Song Y., Zhang X., Huang Y.W. Discovery of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV) in southern China. Vet Microbiol., 2017, vol. 211, pp. 15-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.020Wang M., Yan M., Xu H., Liang W., Kan B., Zheng B., Chen H., Zheng H., Xu Y., Zhang E., Wang H., Ye J., Li G., Li M., Cui Z., Liu Y.F., Guo R.T., Liu X.N., Zhan L.H., Zhou D.H., Zhao A., Hai R., Yu D., Guan Y., Xu J. SARS-CoV infection in a restaurant from palm civet // Emerg Infect Dis. 2005. V. 11. N 12. P. 1860-1865. DOI: 10.3201/eid1112.041293Wang M., Yan M., Xu H., Liang W., Kan B., Zheng B., Chen H., Zheng H., Xu Y., Zhang E., Wang H., Ye J., Li G., Li M., Cui Z., Liu Y.F., Guo R.T., Liu X.N., Zhan L.H., Zhou D.H., Zhao A., Hai R., Yu D., Guan Y., Xu J. SARS-CoV infection in a restaurant from palm civet. Emerg Infect Dis., 2005, vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 1860-1865. DOI: 10.3201/eid1112.041293Sabir J.S., Lam T.T., Ahmed M.M., Li L., Shen Y., AboAba S.E., Qureshi M.I., Abu-Zeid M., Zhang Y., Khiyami M.A., Alharbi N.S., Hajrah N.H., Sabir M.J., Mutwakil M.H., Kabli S.A., Alsulaimany F.A., Obaid A.Y., Zhou B., Smith D.K., Holmes E.C., Zhu H., Guan Y. Co-circulation of three camel coronavirus species and recombination of MERSCoVs in Saudi Arabia // Science. 2016. V. 351. Iss. 6268. P. 81-84. DOI: 10.1126/science.aac8608Sabir J.S., Lam T.T., Ahmed M.M., Li L., Shen Y., AboAba S.E., Qureshi M.I., Abu-Zeid M., Zhang Y., Khiyami M.A., Alharbi N.S., Hajrah N.H., Sabir M.J., Mutwakil M.H., Kabli S.A., Alsulaimany F.A., Obaid A.Y., Zhou B., Smith D.K., Holmes E.C., Zhu H., Guan Y. Co-circulation of three camel coronavirus species and recombination of MERSCoVs in Saudi Arabia. Science, 2016, vol. 351, iss. 6268, pp. 81-84. DOI: 10.1126/science.aac8608Corman V.M., Eckerle I., Memish Z.A., Liljander A.M., Dijkman R., Jonsdottir H., Juma Ngeiywa K.J., Kamau E., Younan M., Al Masri M., Assiri A., Gluecks I., Musa B.E., Meyer B., Müller M.A., Hilali M., Bornstein S., Wernery U., Thiel V., Jores J., Drexler J.F., Drosten C. Link of a ubiquitous human coronavirus to dromedary camels // Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016. V. 113. Iss. 35. P. 9864-9869. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604472113Corman V.M., Eckerle I., Memish Z.A., Liljander A.M., Dijkman R., Jonsdottir H., Juma Ngeiywa K.J., Kamau E., Younan M., Al Masri M., Assiri A., Gluecks I., Musa B.E., Meyer B., Müller M.A., Hilali M., Bornstein S., Wernery U., Thiel V., Jores J., Drexler J.F., Drosten C. Link of a ubiquitous human coronavirus to dromedary camels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2016, vol. 113, iss. 35, pp. 9864-9869. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604472113Zhang W., Zheng X.S., Agwanda B., Ommeh S., Zhao K., Lichoti J., Wang N., Chen J., Li B., Yang X.L., Mani S., Ngeiywa K.J., Zhu Y., Hu B., Onyuok S.O., Yan B., Anderson D.E., Wang L.F., Zhou P., Shi Z.L. Serological evidence of MERS-CoV and HKU8-related CoV co-infection in Kenyan camels // Emerg Microbes Infect. 2019. V. 8. Iss. 1. P. 15281534. DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1679610Zhang W., Zheng X.S., Agwanda B., Ommeh S., Zhao K., Lichoti J., Wang N., Chen J., Li B., Yang X.L., Mani S., Ngeiywa K.J., Zhu Y., Hu B., Onyuok S.O., Yan B., Anderson D.E., Wang L.F., Zhou P., Shi Z.L. Serological evidence of MERS-CoV and HKU8-related CoV co-infection in Kenyan camels. Emerg Microbes Infect., 2019, vol. 8, iss. 1, pp. 1528-1534. DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1679610Wang N., Li S.Y., Yang X.L., Huang H.M., Zhang Y.J., Guo H., Luo C.M., Miller M., Zhu G., Chmura A.A., Hagan E., Zhou J.H., Zhang Y.Z., Wang L.F., Daszak P., Shi Z.L. Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans, China // Virol Sin. 2018. V. 33. N 1. P. 104-107. DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7Wang N., Li S.Y., Yang X.L., Huang H.M., Zhang Y.J., Guo H., Luo C.M., Miller M., Zhu G., Chmura A.A., Hagan E., Zhou J.H., Zhang Y.Z., Wang L.F., Daszak P., Shi Z.L. Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans, China. Virol Sin., 2018, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 104-107. DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7Hamre D., Procknow J.J. A new virus isolated from the human respiratory tract // Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1966. V. 121. N 1. P. 190-193. DOI: 10.3181/00379727-121-30734Hamre D., Procknow J.J. A new virus isolated from the human respiratory tract. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med., 1966, vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 190-193. DOI: 10.3181/00379727-12130734McIntosh K., Becker W.B., Chanock RM. Growth in suckling-mouse brain of "IBV-like" viruses from patients with upper respiratory tract disease // Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1967. V. 58. Iss. 6. P. 2268-2273. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.58.6.2268McIntosh K., Becker W.B., Chanock RM. Growth in suckling-mouse brain of "IBV-like" viruses from patients with upper respiratory tract disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1967, vol. 58, iss. 6, pp. 2268-2273. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.58.6.2268van der Hoek L., Pyrc K., Jebbink M.F., Vermeulen-Oost W., Berkhout R.J., Wolthers K.C., Wertheim-van Dillen P.M., Kaandorp J., Spaargaren J., Berkhout B. Identification of a new human coronavirus // Nat Med. 2004. V. 10. Iss. 4. P. 368-373. DOI: 10.1038/nm1024van der Hoek L., Pyrc K., Jebbink M.F., Vermeulen-Oost W., Berkhout R.J., Wolthers K.C., Wertheim-van Dillen P.M., Kaandorp J., Spaargaren J., Berkhout B. Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat Med., 2004, vol. 10, iss. 4, pp. 368-373. DOI: 10.1038/nm1024Woo P.C., Lau S.K., Chu C.M., Chan K.H., Tsoi H.W., Huang Y., Wong B.H., Poon R.W., Cai J.J., Luk W.K., Poon L.L., Wong S.S., Guan Y., Peiris J.S., Yuen K.Y. Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia // J Virol. 2005. V. 79. Iss. 2. P. 8884-8895. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005Woo P.C., Lau S.K., Chu C.M., Chan K.H., Tsoi H.W., Huang Y., Wong B.H., Poon R.W., Cai J.J., Luk W.K., Poon L.L., Wong S.S., Guan Y., Peiris J.S., Yuen K.Y. Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia. J Virol., 2005, vol. 79, iss. 2, pp. 8884-8895. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005van der Hoek L. Human coronaviruses: what do they cause? // Antivir Ther. 2007. V. 12. N 4. Pt. B. P. 651-658.van der Hoek L. Human coronaviruses: what do they cause? Antivir Ther., 2007, vol. 12, iss. 4, pt. B., pp. 651-658.Peiris J.S., Lai S.T., Poon L.L., Guan Y., Yam L.Y., Lim W., Nicholls J., Yee W.K., Yan W.W., Cheung M.T., Cheng V.C., Chan K.H., Tsang D.N., Yung R.W., Ng T.K., Yuen K.Y.; SARS study group. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome // Lancet. 2003. V. 361. Iss. 9366. P. 1319-1325. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13077-2Peiris J.S., Lai S.T., Poon L.L., Guan Y., Yam L.Y., Lim W., Nicholls J., Yee W.K., Yan W.W., Cheung M.T., Cheng V.C., Chan K.H., Tsang D.N., Yung R.W., Ng T.K., Yuen K.Y.; SARS study group. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet, 2003, vol. 361, iss. 9366, pp. 1319-1325. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)130772Щелканов М.Ю., Ананьев В.Ю., Кузнецов В.В., Шуматов В.Б. Ближневосточный респираторный синдром: когда вспыхнет тлеющий очаг? // Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал. 2015. N 2. С. 94-98.Shchelkanov M.Yu., Ananiev V.Yu., Kuznetsov V.V., Shumatov V.B. Middle East respiratory syndrome: when will smouldering focus outbreak? Tikhookeanskii meditsinskii zhurnal [Pacific Medical Journal]. 2015, no. 2, pp. 94-98. (In Russian)Щелканов М.Ю., Ананьев В.Ю., Кузнецов В.В., Шуматов В.Б. Эпидемическая вспышка Ближневосточного респираторного синдрома в Республике Корея (май-июль 2015 г.): причины, динамика, выводы // Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал. 2015. N 3. С. 89-93.Schelkanhov M.Yu., Ananiev V.Yu., Kuznetsov V.V., Shumatov V.B. Epidemic outbreak of mers in the Republic of Korea (May-July, 2015): reasons, dynamics, conclusions. Tikhookeanskii meditsinskii zhurnal [Pacific Medical Journal]. 2015, vol. 3. pp. 25-29. (In Russian)Haagmans B.L., Al Dhahiry S.H., Reusken C.B., Raj V.S., Galiano M., Myers R., Godeke G.J., Jonges M., Farag E., Diab A., Ghobashy H., Alhajri F., Al-Thani M., Al-Marri S.A., Al Romaihi H.E., Al Khal A., Bermingham A., Osterhaus A.D., AlHajri M.M., Koopmans M.P. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation // Lancet Infect Dis. 2014. V. 14. Iss. 2. P. 140-145. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70690-XHaagmans B.L., Al Dhahiry S.H., Reusken C.B., Raj V.S., Galiano M., Myers R., Godeke G.J., Jonges M., Farag E., Diab A., Ghobashy H., Alhajri F., Al-Thani M., Al-Marri S.A., Al Romaihi H.E., Al Khal A., Bermingham A., Osterhaus A.D., AlHajri M.M., Koopmans M.P. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation. Lancet Infect Dis., 2014, vol. 14, iss. 2, pp. 140-145. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70690-XGuo Y.R., Cao Q.D., Hong Z.S., Tan Y.Y., Chen S.D., Jin H.J., Tan K.S., Wang D.Y., Yan Y. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status // Mil Med Res. 2020. V. 7. N 1. P. 11. DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0Guo Y.R., Cao Q.D., Hong Z.S., Tan Y.Y., Chen S.D., Jin H.J., Tan K.S., Wang D.Y., Yan Y. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Mil Med Res., 2020, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 11. DOI: 10.1186/s40779-02000240-0Вступительное слово Генерального директора ВОЗ на брифинге по COVID-19 для постоянных представительств – 12 марта 2020 г. URL: https://www.who.int/ru/dg/speeches/detail/whodirector-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-missionbriefing-on-covid-19---12-march-2020 (дата обращения 19.06.2020)Vstupitel'noe slovo General'nogo direktora VOZ na brifinge po COVID-19 dlya postoyannykh predstavitel'stv 12 marta 2020 g. [WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the Mission briefing on COVID-19 – 12 March 2020]. Available at: https://www.who.int/ru/dg/speeches/detail/whodirector-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-missionbriefing-on-covid-19---12-march-2020 (accessed 19.06.2020)Zhang T., Wu Q., Zhang Z. Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak // Curr Biol. 2020. V. 30. N 7. P. 1346-1351. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022Zhang T., Wu Q., Zhang Z. Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak. Curr Biol., 2020, vol. 30, iss. 7, pp. 1346-1351. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022Scott G.B., Keymer I.F. The pathology of measles in Abyssinian Colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza): a description of an outbreak // J Pathol. 1975. V. 117. Iss. 4. P. 229-33. DOI: 10.1002/path.1711170405Scott G.B., Keymer I.F. The pathology of measles in Abyssinian Colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza): a description of an outbreak. J Pathol., 1975, vol. 117, iss. 4, pp. 229-33. DOI: 10.1002/path.1711170405Zhu W., Yang S., Dong L., Yang L., Tang J., Zou X., Chen T., Yang J., Shu Y. The repeated introduction of the H3N2 virus from human to swine during 1979-1993 in China // Infect Genet Evol. 2015. V. 33. P. 20-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.04.001Zhu W., Yang S., Dong L., Yang L., Tang J., Zou X., Chen T., Yang J., Shu Y. The repeated introduction of the H3N2 virus from human to swine during 1979-1993 in China. Infect Genet Evol., 2015, vol. 33, pp. 20-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.04.001Allela L., Boury O., Pouillot R., Délicat A., Yaba P., Kumulungui B., Rouquet P., Gonzalez J.P., Leroy E.M. Ebola virus antibody prevalence in dogs and human risk // Emerg Infect Dis. 2005. V. 11. N 3. P. 385-390. DOI: 10.3201/eid1103.040981Allela L., Boury O., Pouillot R., Délicat A., Yaba P., Kumulungui B., Rouquet P., Gonzalez J.P., Leroy E.M. Ebola virus antibody prevalence in dogs and human risk. Emerg Infect Dis., 2005, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 385-390. DOI: 10.3201/eid1103.040981Chen W., Yan M., Yang L., Ding B., He B., Wang Y., Liu X., Liu C., Zhu H., You B., Huang S., Zhang J., Mu F., Xiang Z., Feng X., Wen J., Fang J., Yu J., Yang H., Wang J. SARSassociated coronavirus transmitted from human to pig // Emerg Infect Dis. 2005. V. 11. N 3. P. 446-448. DOI: 10.3201/eid1103.040824Chen W., Yan M., Yang L., Ding B., He B., Wang Y., Liu X., Liu C., Zhu H., You B., Huang S., Zhang J., Mu F., Xiang Z., Feng X., Wen J., Fang J., Yu J., Yang H., Wang J. SARSassociated coronavirus transmitted from human to pig. Emerg Infect Dis., 2005, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 446-448. DOI: 10.3201/eid1103.040824Leroy E.M., Ar Gouilh M., Brugère-Picoux J. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to pets and other wild and domestic animals strongly mandates a one-health strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic // One Health. 2020. (In press) DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100133Leroy E.M., Ar Gouilh M., Brugère-Picoux J. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to pets and other wild and domestic animals strongly mandates a one-health strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic. One Health, 2020, (In press) DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100133COVID-19 Found on Additional Dutch Mink Farms. URL: https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=COVID19%20Found%20on%20Additional%20Dutch%20Mink%20Farms%20_The%20Hague_Netherlands_05-31-2020 (дата обращения 16.06.2020)COVID-19 Found on Additional Dutch Mink Farms. Available at: https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=COVID19%20Found%20on%20Additional%20Dutch%20Mink%20Farms%20_The%20Hague_Netherlands_05-31-2020 (accessed 16.06.2020)Government of the Netherlands. New results from research into COVID-19 on mink farms. URL: https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2020/05/19/new-results-from-research-into-covid-19-on-mink-farms (дата обращения 16.06.2020)Government of the Netherlands. New results from research into COVID-19 on mink farms. Available at: https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2020/05/19/new-results-from-research-into-covid-19-on-mink-farms (accessed 16.06.2020)

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.